APPENDICES

 

APPENDIX I. LISTING AND CITING REFERENCES IN REPORTS

 

               Publishers and professional societies have their own preferred way of listing and citing references.  For use in this laboratory, we are describing the requirements for reports submitted to the MIT School of Chemical Engineering Practice.  You may use any method for listing and citing references to which you are accustomed, provided you are consistent and supply at least as much information as is required in the procedures described here.  If you have no preference, these procedures should be used.

 

               All references in reports should be listed in a section entitled “References”, with page numbers and a listing in the Table of Contents.  References may be listed alphabetically by author and numbered consecutively, or they may be arranged in order of appearance in the text.

 

               General References which have not been cited should be listed in a separate Bibliography.

 

               A reference should be listed only once and referred to be the same number each time it is cited in the text.  Reference numbers in the text may be given as superscripts, or underlined and enclosed in parentheses, thus (4).  do not use superscripts where they may be mistaken for indices.  Make references to equations in such a way that they will not be confused with literature citations.

 

               Citations taken from an abstract or any other secondary source must state both the original and the secondary source.

 

               Methods for listing and citing different reference sources are described in the pages following the index on the next page.  If you encounter special reference problems, consult an instructor or a librarian.

INDEX - LISTING AND CITING REFERENCES

 

               ITEM                                                                                                                             PAGE

 

1.  Methods of Listing                                                                                                                  30

2.  Journals                                                                                                                                     30

3.  Foreign Journals                                                                                                                      31

4.  Books                                                                                                                                          31

5.  Sections of an Edited Book                                                                                                   32

6.  Proceedings of a Conference or Symposium                                                                   32

7.  Trade Magazines                                                                                                                    33

8.  Manufacturers Literature                                                                                                     33

9.  Literature Published Anonymously                                                                                   34

10.  Patents                                                                                                                                     34

11.  Government Reports                                                                                                           34

12.  Theses                                                                                                                                      35

13.  Practice School Reports                                                                                                      35

14.  Personal Communications                                                                                                 35

15.  Other Sources                                                                                                                        36

16.  Use of Ibid., Other Latin Terms                                                                                         36

 

1.  Methods of Listing

 

               Listings may be alphabetically, by author, or serially, by order of citation.

 

               ALPHABETICAL LISTINGS are ordered according to the last name of the first author.  In          reference:

 

               The first author is listed last name first, followed by the initials, followed by the names of the      other authors, initials first , then last name.

 

               If there are multiple authors, their names should be separated by commas.

 

               Example:  Balzhiser, R.E., M.R. Samuels, and J.D. Eliassen,...

 

               When references are LISTED IN ORDER OF CITATION IN THE TEXT, the first author’s           initials precede his last name.  Punctuation is the same as in the first example.

 

2.  Journals

 

               A JOURNAL REFERENCE should include the:

 

               author’s name,

 

               title of the article, enclosed in quotation marks,

 

               name of the journal, abbreviated according to Chemical Abstracts conventions and underlined to indicate where italics are to be represented,

 

               volume number, in underlined Arabic numerals, followed immediately (no comma) by the           issue number enclosed in parentheses but not underlined, if needed or desired,

 

               page number, and

 

               year of publication, enclosed in parentheses.

 

A comma appears between each section of the reference, except between the page number and year of publication.  Note that the comma after the title of the article is enclosed in the quotation marks, as dictated by typographical usage.

 

               One exception to the Chemical Abstracts list of abbreviations is that for A.I.Ch.E. Journal, which should be abbreviated AIChE J.

 

               Example:  Ogunnaike, B.A., J.P. Lemaire, M. Morari, and W.H. Ray, “Advanced Multivariable     control of a Pilot-Scale Distillation Column,” AIChE J., 29(4), 632(1983).

 

               Amundson, N.R., and L.E. Arri, “Char Gasification in a Counter-Current Reactor,” AIChE J.,  24, 87(1978).

 

               For the few JOURNALS WHICH DO NOT HAVE A VOLUME NUMBER, the year should be given in place of the volume number, e.g., J. Chem. Soc., A, 1961, 471.

 

 

 

 

3.  Foreign Journals

 

               REFERENCES TO FOREIGN JOURNALS should use the original title of the journal, transliterated if necessary, unless the journal is translated.  The following examples derive from a Russian article first noted in Chemical Abstracts.

 

               A.  The Original Article.  If the Russian article were used, the reference should follow the standard form for journal references listed previously.

 

               Example:  Gnusin, N.P., and V.F. Grebenyuk, “Electrical Conductivity of Ion Exchange Resins.    Model Representations,” Zh. Fiz. Khim., 39, 3050(1965).

 

               B.  The Abstract.  If the information in a translated abstract were cited in the text, the reference would follow the form for a journal reference, except that the abstract should also be cited as follows:

 

               Example:  Gnusin, N.P., and V.D. Grebenyuk, “Electrical Conductivity of Ion Exchange Resins.                  Model Representations, “ Zh. Fiz. Khim., 39, 3050(1965) abstract in Chemical Abstracts, 64,             9893(d)(1996).

 

               C.  The translated Article.  In the case of widely used journals such as this one, one has to know or be able to find out from the library that Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii is routinely translated cover-to-cover into English and is published as the Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry by the Chemical Society in London.  The abstract in Chemical Abstracts refers to the original Russian article, and there is no indication that a translation into English exists.  The translation is done by Infosearch, Ltd., London.  If the translation were used in the course of the work, the reference should be:

 

               Example:  Gnusin, N.P., and V.D. Grebenyuk, “Electrical Conductivity of Ion Exchange Resins.  Model Representations,” Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 39, 1627(1965) translated by Infosearch, Ltd.,          London(1965).

 

               Note that the page numbers in the original and in the translation are not the same.  In some cases, the volume numbers and years of publication of the translations are not the same as in the original.  Therefore, completeness in recording the reference is especially important.

 

               In the case of the Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry, the translation is encountered so frequently that it is probably not necessary to cite the name of the translator.

 

 

4.            Books

 

               REFERENCES TO BOOKS should include the:

 

               author’s name,

 

               title of the book, enclosed in quotation marks or underlined,

 

               edition, of not the first edition,

 

               volume number, if there is more than one volume,

 

               inclusive pages of interest,

 

               publisher,

 

               city of publication, and

 

               date of publication.

 

A comma appears between each section of the reference.

 

               It is especially important that the pages referred to be given.  However, if different pages of the same book are referred to in different places in the text, it is permissible to list the pages in the text, and to omit page numbers from the reference citation.  Thus, the text might read “...Ref.(14) pp. 128-137 ...”  This is an alternative to the use of “ibid.”, described in a separate section, and economizes on reference numbers.

 

               Example:  Flory, P.J., Principles of Polymer Chemistry, 578-579, Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca,         1953.

 

               Reid, R.c., J.M. Prausnitz, and T.K. Sherwood, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 3rd ed.,           263-267, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977.

 

5.  Section of an Edited Book

 

               REFERENCES TO A CHAPTER OR SECTION IN A BOOK WRITTEN BY SOMEONE OTHER THAN THE EDITOR of the book should include the:

 

               name of the author of the section,

 

               title of the section, enclosed in quotation marks,

 

               title of the book, also enclosed in quotation marks or underlined,

 

               editor of the book, so noted,

 

               pages of interest,

 

               publisher

 

               city of publication, and

 

               date of publication.

 

A comma separates each section.

 

               Example:  Mayo, F.R., J.G. Huntington, and N.A. Kirshen, “Chemistry of Coal Liquefaction” in Organic Chemistry of Coal, J.W. Larsen, ed., 126-130, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1978.

 

6.  Proceedings of a Conference or Symposium

 

               REFERENCES TO PAPERS IN THE PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE OR SYMPOSIUM should include the:

 

               author’s name,

 

               title of the paper, enclosed in quotation marks,

 

               title of the proceedings of the conference, underlined,

 

               volume number, if there is one,

 

               pages of interest,

 

               name of the society sponsoring the conference or symposium,

 

               city where the conference was held, and

 

               year of the conference, enclosed in parentheses.

 

Each section of the reference is separated by a comma except the city and year.

 

               Example:  Newman, J., “Mass Transport and Potential Distribution in the Geometrics of               Localized Corrosion,” Proc. U.R. Evans Int. Conf. Localized Corrosion, Nat. Assoc. Corrosion Eng., Houston (1974).

 

               Lehr, J.R., and G.H. McClellan, “Phosphate Rocks: Important Factors in Their Economic and        Technical Evaluation,” X235 CENTO Symposium on the Mining and Benefication of Fertilizer              Minerals, 194, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL (1967).

 

7.  Trade Magazines

 

               TRADE MAGAZINES often number pages starting with one in each issue.  In such cases, follow the procedure described for journal references, except that:

 

               it is essential to list the issue number, in parentheses after the volume number, but not underlined, and not separated from the volume number by a comma,

 

               or to include the month and day in the date of publication,

 

whichever will allow the reader to find the article faster.

 

               Example:  Kirby, G.N., “Corrosion Performance of Carbon Steel,” Chem. Eng. (N.Y.), 86,               72(March 12, 1978).

 

               Kovac, A., and J. Ziak, “Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in the system Trioxane-Water,”           Petrochemia, 10(2), 77(1970).

 

8.  Manufacturer’s Literature

 

               MANUFACTURER’S LITERATURE which carries no personal author’s name may be listed alphabetically under a corporate author if the arrangement of the section is alphabetical by author.  The following example would also serve in a serial listing, although in that case, you have the option of listing the title of the bulletin first.

 

               The reference should include the:

 

               company name,

 

               title of the literature, enclosed in quotations,

 

               bulletin or publication number, if applicable,

 

               page, and

 

               location of the company.

 

               Example:  Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers, “1977 Director of Certified Room Air              Conditioners,” 3rd ed., 7, Chicago, IL.

 

9.  Literature Published Anonymously

 

               In cases where NO AUTHOR, CORPORATION, OR ORGANIZATION NAME appears with the article, and reference are being listed alphabetically by author, insert unidentified author or anon. followed by a comma in place of the author’s name, and place the reference at the end of the list.  Where references are listed in order of appearance in the text, the word “anon.” is not necessary.

 

               Example:  anon., “Major Nuclear Power Orders for U.S. Enriched Uranium - October 1966,”        Nucleonics, 24(12), 72(1966).

 

10.  Patents

 

               REFERENCES TO PATENTS should include the:

 

               name of the inventor, followed by the assignee, if any, enclosed in parentheses,

 

               title of the patent, enclosed in quotation marks,

 

               the patent number including the granting country, and

 

               date of issue of the patent, including the month, day and year.

 

               Example:  Banks, W.D., (to Automation Products, Inc.), “Method of and Apparatus for   Measuring Viscosity,”  U.S. Patent 3,292,423, Dec. 20, 1966.

 

11.  Government Reports

 

               REPORTS ISSUED BY GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, such as the Department of Energy, NASA, and the National Bureau of Standards, should include the:

 

               author’s name,

 

               title of the report, enclosed in quotation marks,

 

               report number,

 

               pages of interest,

 

               issuing agency,

 

               location, and

 

               date in parentheses.

 

There should be a comma between each part of the reference except the date and location.

 

               Example:  Deverall, J.E., and J.E. Kemme, “Satellite Heat Pipe,” LA-3278-MS, 9, Los Alamos         Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM(1965).

 

               If the catalog number of the National Technical Information Service, which is the supplier of all government documents, is known, it should be given, e.g., NTIS PB403-708.

 

12.  Theses

 

               REFERENCES TO THESES should include the:

 

               author’s name,

 

               title of the thesis, in quotation marks,

 

               degree for which the thesis was presented,

 

               department name,

 

               institution name,

 

               pages of interest, and

 

               year, in parentheses.

 

Separate each section except the last two by a comma.

 

               Example:  Fisher, R.E., “Concentration Polarization in Desalination by Reverse Osmosis,” Sc.D. Thesis, Dept. of Chem. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 33(1965).

 

13.  Practice School Reports

 

               REFERENCES TO MIT PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORTS should include the:

 

               author’s name,

 

               title of the report enclosed in quotation marks,

 

               report number,

 

               pages of interest, and

 

               year of the report, enclosed in parentheses.

 

Each section of the reference should be separated by a comma except the last two.

 

               Example:  Field, L.A., A.J. Papadopolous, and R.D. Wang, “Surface Properties and Reactions of   Coal, Part 2,” ORNL/MIT-270, 21(1978).

 

14.  Personal Communications

 

               REFERENCES TO PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS should be used with caution; they are usually useless as references.  When practicable, you may eliminate references to personal communications by citing the entire reference in the text, e.g., “Our consultant, Dr. David Sung of Gold start Company, says...”.

 

Reference to a personal communication should include the:

 

               name,

 

               means of communication, e.g., letter, personal contact, rough draft of a report,

 

               organization, and

 

               date: month, day, and year.

 

Separate each section of the reference by a comma.

 

               Example:  Whatley, M.E., personal communication, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak              Ridge, TN, March 7, 1957.

 

15.  Other sources

 

               REFERENCES TO OTHER SOURCES not mentioned here should be given in a form agreeing as closely as possible with the above examples.  To make it easier for the interested reader to locate the reference, you should give too much information rather than too little, in case there is any doubt about the form.

 

16.  Use of Ibid., Other Latin Terms

 

               ibid. is the abbreviation for “ibidem”, meaning “in the same place”, and is occasionally found in the scientific literature.  This abbreviation is useful when reference is made to the same work several times, but to different pages or sections, and references are listed alphabetically by author.  This greatly simplifies the second and subsequent references.

 

               Example:

 

               (37) Levenspiel, O., “Chemical Reaction Engineering,” 2nd ed., 277, Wiley, New York, 1972.

 

               (38) ibid., 288.

 

               Other Latin terms such as loc. cit. (loco citato, “in the place cited”), or op. cit. (opere citato, “in   the work cited”) are not generally used in scientific literature.