Mortality Rates of Fowler's Toad (Bufo woodhousei fowleri) as a Result of Chemical Exposure

(Frogs pictured are not Fowler's Toads)

Concentrations are those at which death occurred
CHEMICAL	LIFE STAGE	CONCENTRATION (mg/L) uncertainties given in parenthesies	PERIOD OF EXPOSURE (hours)
Aldrin	Tadpole	> 1.8	24
	Tadpole	0.148	48
	Tadpole	0.068	96
Aroclor 1016	Fertilization thru 4 d posthatching	0.01209 (0.00974-0.01491)	see "life stage"
Aroclor 1254	Fertilization thru 4 d posthatching	0.00374 (0.00298-0.00464)	see "life stage"
Azinphos-Methyl	Tadpole	0.710	24
	Tadpole	0.109	96
Benzene-Hexachloride	Tadpole	13.2	24
	Tadpole	4.35	96
Capacitor 21		0.02802 (0.02259-0.03447)
DDD	Tadpole	0.709 (0.246-2.050)	24
	Tadpole	0.140 (0.095-0.206)	96
DDT	Tadpole 6 weeks	0.10 (0.02-0.60)	96
	Tadpole 6 weeks	0.03 (0.006-0.40)	96
Dieldrin	Tadpole	0.15 (0.02-0.47)	96
Endothall Hydrotholl 191	Tadpole	3.20 (1.70-5.50)	24
	Tadpole	1.2 (0.40-3.40)	96
Endrin	Tadpole	0.12 (0.033-0.60)	96
Heptachlor	Tadpole	0.844 (0.185-3.852)	24
	Tadpole	0.435 (0.229-0.647)	96
Lindane	Tadpole	13.7 (11.3-16.7)	24
	Tadpole	3.2 (2.3-4.5)	96
Malthion	Tadpole	1.9 (1.4-5.5)	24
	Tadpole	0.42 (0.49-0.98)	96
Mercury	posthatching	0.0659 (0.044-0.084)	96
Molinate	Tadpole	33 (18-60)	24
	Tadpole	26 (11-43)	96
Paraquat	Tadpole	56 (47-66)	24
	Tadpole	15 (9.60-23)	96
Parathion	Tadpole	>1	24
	Tadpole	>1	96
Silvex Propylene Glycol Butyl Ether Ester	Tadpole	19 (13.8-26.1)	24
Toxaphene	Tadpole	0.560 (0.420-0.474)	24
	Tadpole	0.150 (0.116-0.194)	96
Trifluralin	Tadpole	0.180 (0.108-0.300)	24
	Tadpole	0.110 (0.066-0.183)	96

Miscellaneous Chemicals of Possible Importance to the Project (copper from mining, etc.)
CHEMICAL	SPECIE	LIFE STAGE	CONCENTRATION (mg/L)	PERIOD OF EXPOSURE (hours)
Copper Oxychloride	Xenopus		dose of 0.007-0.008%	48
Copper Sulfate	Xenopus laevis		1.7	48
Ethyl Acetate	Xenopus laevis	3-4 weeks	180	48
Saccharin	Xenopus laevis	embryo	17.94 (17.60-18.30) mg/mL	96
Anthracene	Rana pipiens	embryo	0.065	24 (after 30 min exposure to sunlight)
			0.025	24 (after 5 hrs exposure to sunlight)
Flouranthene	Rana pipiens	embryo	0.09	24
Carbaryl	Xenopus laevis	embryo	4.7 (3.9-5.6)	24

* see Devillers, J. and Exbrayat J. M. Exotoxicity of Chemical to Amphibians for more chemicals and their results

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