Allocation of Emergency Relief Shelter – Tsunami
Mission 2009 Erich Mueller
Avgar, Amos (1978). Post disaster development: implications for public policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
Perhaps one of the weakest of sources for the purposes of assessing the need and feasability of the allocation of emergency shelter following natural disaster, this thesis pertains primarily to the generalized logistics involved in coping with flood and hurricane conditions, and is also greatly limited in the sense that it lacks great relevance to both modern times and developing nations. However, it does offer an objective examination of numerous logistical initiatives spanning a range of degrees of success throughout the past, and is thus of moderate use in addressing the technical issues of a plan to establish emergency shelter.
Awotona, Adenrele. (Ed.). (1997). Reconstruction after disaster: issues and practices. Hants, England: Ashgate Publishing Company
This source is relevant mainly to the aspect of providing temporary relief shelter that involves the redevelopment of permanent housing and public structures following a period of stasis characterized chiefly by the prevalence of temporary structures. Because it pertains directly to one of the most integral issues involved in emergency management; the transition from a state of emergency relief directly following any major catastrophe toward a more stable and permanent form of recovery, it is useful in determining the extent to which emergency services will be required in the weeks and months following a tsunami (or any analogous condition), as well as the extent to which reconstruction may occur during the aforementioned period of time.
Bradford, N.M. (2005). Multiparameter assesment guide for emergency shelters: disaster relief applications
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. 19. 2. pp. 108
http://www.pubs.asce.org/WWWdisplay.cgi?0521497
This article provided a large amount of crucial information regarding the possible use of existing structures, most likely at higher altitudes in the event of tsunami, as well as the use and construction of adequate shelter facilities in regions devastated by disaster during the initial phases of reconstruction. It would be an incredibly useful tool for the evaluation of temporary relief shelters and the implementation of structures which were either undamaged or untouched by the tsunami. Additionally, it is broad based and applicable to nearly any variety of natural disaster in any nation, which thus improves its usefulness with regard to the formulation of a generalized plan for the immediate provision of shelter to misplaced persons.
Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. (2005). Background note: Peru.
http://weblinks1.epnet.com/externalframe.asp?tb=1&_ua=bt+TD++%22T1R%22+shn+1+db+buhjnh+bo+B%5F+28F2&_ug=sid+32E40C9E%2D8CA8%2D4962%2DB94C%2D775311240AC0%40sessionmgr2+dbs+buh+cp+1+8AF3&_us=hd+False+fcl+Aut+or+Date+frn+1+sm+ES+sl+%2D1+dstb+ES+ri+KAAACBZD00016360+7438&_uh=btn+N+6C9C&_uso=st%5B0+%2D%28jn++%22Background++Notes++on++Countries++of++the++World%3A++Peru%22%29++and++ft++y+tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Dbuh+op%5B0+%2D+hd+False+43DC&fi=buh_16930096_AN&lpdf=true&pdfs=59K&bk=R&tn=9&tp=CP&es=cs%5Fclient%2Easp%3FT%3DP%26P%3DAN%26K%3D16930096%26rn%3D1%26db%3Dbuh%26is%3D%26sc%3DR%26S%3DR%26D%3Dbuh%26title%3DBackground%2BNotes%2Bon%2BCountries%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWorld%253A%2BPeru%26year%3D2005%26bk%3D&fn=1&rn=1
A much more comprehensive and quantitatively based source concerning the current conditions in the nation of Peru, this source provides concrete numerical data regarding the economic, demographic and political climate in modern day Peru. Furthermore, the incredibly recent date of publication of this journal must surely be an asset to this source, in addition to improving the informational accuracy and relevance. Additionally, a section of this journal addressed the historical development of Peru as a nation, which, though highly irrelevant to any investigation into emergency planning, provides some insights into the Peruvian culture, which must certainly be a consideration when coping with post-disaster society.
Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. (2004). Background note: Micronesia.
http://weblinks1.epnet.com/externalframe.asp?tb=1&_ua=bt+TD++%22SU0%22+shn+1+db+buhjnh+bo+B%5F+9A2E&_ug=sid+FE1E7272%2D6746%2D40AA%2DB18A%2DBA0CB0024A4E%40sessionmgr2+dbs+buh+cp+1+0495&_us=hd+False+fcl+Aut+or+Date+frn+1+sm+ES+sl+%2D1+dstb+ES+ri+KAAACBZD00016572+D302&_uh=btn+N+6C9C&_uso=st%5B0+%2D%28jn++%22Background++Notes++on++Countries++of++the++World%3A++Micronesia%22%29++and++ft++y+tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Dbuh+op%5B0+%2D+hd+False+0094&fi=buh_15386272_AN&lpdf=true&pdfs=36K&bk=R&tn=16&tp=CP&es=cs%5Fclient%2Easp%3FT%3DP%26P%3DAN%26K%3D15386272%26rn%3D1%26db%3Dbuh%26is%3D%26sc%3DR%26S%3DR%26D%3Dbuh%26title%3DBackground%2BNotes%2Bon%2BCountries%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWorld%253A%2BMicronesia%26year%3D2004%26bk%3D&fn=1&rn=1
As a highly comprehensive and quantitatively based source concerning the current conditions in the nation of Micronesia, this source provides concrete numerical data regarding the economic, demographic and political climate in modern day Micronesia. Furthermore, the relatively recent date of publication of this journal must surely be an asset to this source, in addition to improving the informational accuracy and relevance. Additionally, a section of this journal addressed the historical development of Micronesia, which, though highly irrelevant to any investigation into emergency planning, provides some insights into the Micronesian culture, which must certainly be a consideration when coping with post-disaster society, as well as some information for personal consumption regarding the historical significance of Micronesia.
Camilleri, Denis H.(2003). Malta’s risk minimisation to earthquake, volcanic and tsunami damage
Disaster Prevention and Management. 12. 1.pp. 37
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=330839231&sid=3&Fmt=4&clientId=5482&RQT=309&VName=PQD
This journal article details, in a mathematical and quantitative sense, and using the modern example of Malta, the relationship between the quality of existing shelter and the likely demand for emergency shelter in the event of an earthquake, tsunami, or both. It’s primary use will be to determine the regions for which emergency shelter will be most greatly necessitated under such circumstances, as well as to provide more concrete data with respect to the actual number of individuals who require emergency shelter, among other things. This article will facilitate the analysis of communities in Peru and Micronesia with regard to the quality of existing structures and their ability to withstand earthquake and tsunami conditions. Furthermore, it might prove a valuable resource for those who would seek to improve existing conditions so as to mitigate the destruction of property and life caused by these natural disasters. The fact that it examines the consequences of natural disaster in a region characterized by regions of both low and high development improves the quality of this source in assessing the hazards of a particular area.
Comfort, Louise K. (1988). Managing disaster: strategies and policy perspectives. Duke University Press.
Serving primarily as a source of information regarding the general nature of disaster, this book offers a somewhat objectively minded and mathematical perspective on the results of disaster under different circumstances, as well as the precise requirements of a community devastated by natural catastrophe. It is a valuable collection of information relevant to logistical issues inherent in any disaster situation and mandate, and provides several mechanisms with which such immensely convoluted logistical issues may be overcome. Many varieties of temporary relief shelter are suggested, as well as alternative methods of population redistribution such as evacuation, and are considered in both hypothetical and case study examples.
CountryWatch. (2005) Country review: Micronesia.
http://weblinks2.epnet.com/externalframe.asp?tb=1&_ua=bt+TD++%22DWH%22+shn+1+db+buhjnh+bo+B%5F+67FC&_ug=sid+A7FE20D7%2DF035%2D4101%2D943C%2D37D63952F04F%40sessionmgr2+dbs+buh+cp+1+D3C1&_us=hd+False+fcl+Aut+or+Date+frn+1+sm+ES+sl+%2D1+dstb+ES+ri+KAAACB1D00140070+FBB3&_uh=btn+N+6C9C&_uso=st%5B0+%2D%28jn++%22Micronesia++Country++Review%22%29++and++ft++y+tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Dbuh+op%5B0+%2D+hd+False+9508&fi=buh_15237792_AN&lpdf=true&pdfs=152K&bk=R&tn=59&tp=CP&es=cs%5Fclient%2Easp%3FT%3DP%26P%3DAN%26K%3D15237792%26rn%3D3%26db%3Dbuh%26is%3D%26sc%3DR%26S%3DR%26D%3Dbuh%26title%3DMicronesia%2BCountry%2BReview%26year%3D2005%26bk%3D&fn=1&rn=3
This source is valuable primarily as an examination of the geographical and demographic composition of Micronesia; issues which are fundamental to the development of a disaster relief plan as well as to the prediction of damage distribution throughout the region resulting from a tsunami. Several maps included in this source are useful for the clarification of the exact whereabouts of Micronesia, which is also crucial to the development of any such plans involving this nation. More precise economic data presented herein also improves the quality of the source as a means of estimating the abilities of locals to recover from such an unlikely and unfortunate event.
Cuny, Frederick C. (1983). Disasters and development. Oxford University Press
As a source of information regarding the specific effects of a variety of natural disasters on developing nations and under a variety of different circumstances including urbanization and availability of existing structures in which displaced persons may be housed, this book is highly invaluable. Also, because it makes reference specifically to tsunami which endanger the status of Lima, Peru, in combination with comments on the probable necessity of emergency shelter and the like, it may be used freely to develop approximations of considerable accuracy and true relevance to the given nations. Furthermore, a scientific deconstruction of the physical mechanism responsible for tsunami enables one to extrapolate the extent of the possible damage, and, although this is far from an ideal source for such physical description, it provides insight into possible relevancy to Peru.
Datamonitor. (2003). Peru: country profile.
http://weblinks2.epnet.com/externalframe.asp?tb=1&_ua=bt+TD++%22W0B%22+shn+1+db+buhjnh+bo+B%5F+6DFC&_ug=sid+264C61DF%2D8943%2D4BC4%2DBF7A%2DF54E71EDB467%40sessionmgr2+dbs+buh+cp+1+F1BA&_us=hd+False+fcl+Aut+or+Date+frn+1+sm+ES+sl+%2D1+dstb+ES+ri+KAAACB1D00139113+7B78&_uh=btn+N+6C9C&_uso=st%5B0+%2D%28jn++%22Peru++Country++Profile%22%29++and++ft++y+tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Dbuh+op%5B0+%2D+hd+False+23D1&fi=buh_13343649_AN&lpdf=true&pdfs=57K&bk=R&tn=7&tp=CP&es=cs%5Fclient%2Easp%3FT%3DP%26P%3DAN%26K%3D13343649%26rn%3D3%26db%3Dbuh%26is%3D%26sc%3DR%26S%3DR%26D%3Dbuh%26title%3DPeru%2BCountry%2BProfile%26year%3D2003%26bk%3D&fn=1&rn=3
This online journal, which briefly profiles the economic and demographic status of modern day Peru, is of use primarily as a source of understanding regarding the general state and condition of Peru today. While this item would be of great use in gaining a fundamental understanding of the basics of Peruvian society, it is crucially flawed by it’s brief and succinct nature, and lacks the informational base to provide any advanced insights which may be of greater use in developing plans for evacuation, disaster mitigation, or the dispersal of emergency supplies.
Davis, Ian. (1978). Shelter after disaster. Headington, Oxford: Oxford Polytechnic Press
Specifically with regard to the allocation and implementation of emergency shelter, this is perhaps the best source of information contained in this litany of sources. It provides detailed descriptions of a multitude of temporary and semi-temporary shelter options, including methods of swift partial reconstruction of partially demolished structures and the establishment of temporary communities within large tent-structures which are easily portable and relatively inexpensive. Additionally, it details the methods used hereunto in determining whereabouts shelter must be provided, and is relevant to fundamentally all developing nations of the world. Beyond this, it outlines programs, logistical challenges and devices, and plans which have been implemented successfully in the past and improved since. One of the more interesting aspects of this book is the fact that it offers a variety of solutions to the problem of procuring and providing shelter after disaster, including mandates for the education of locals in the establishment of temporary structures.
Davis, Ian. (Ed.). (1981). Disasters and the small dwelling. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press. Ltd.
A powerful tool for use in prediction and extrapolation regarding the potential demand for emergency shelter as a function of the quality and location of previously existing shelter, this book is also likely to prove invaluable as a resource regarding the provision of shelter in a number of cultural contexts, into which it delves with some detail. It undertakes an analysis, with considerable depth, of existing emergency shelter units, as well as a variety of other structures such as meeting halls or those intended for the containment of food, water or medical supplies. An analysis is also done regarding the implications of a lack of shelter for any individual, in conjunction with an evaluation of the relative necessity of shelter in any community as determined by the conditions of the environment including rain, wind, snow, and several other environmental factors.
Davis, Ian & Lambert, Robert. (2002). Engineering in emergencies 2nd edition: a practical guide for relief workers. London, England: ITDG Publishing
This large volume provides a vast array of information concerning all facets of the establishment of emergency services and structures in devastated developing nations, and would be of great use in all applications to which the topic of emergency relief is relevant. More specifically, it details the development of a large number of types and sizes of structures, including shelter, medical, canteen, water treatment constructs as well as several others. It outlines the logistical processes and plans necessary for the implementation of emergency shelter/construction mandates, and provides insight into the variance which must inherently exist in all plans as a result of change of scale or circumstances. Furthermore, it is a useful tool in determining the feasability of a number of plans under a variety of circumstances, and in determining the most applicable approach for any specified disaster-afflicted region based on urbanization, local knowledge and pre-disaster development.
Huque, K. Ashraf. (1983). Disaster aid, emergency shelter and mitigation planning. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Council for Building Research
This source is undoubtedly of great value as an objective source of analysis into the requirements of numerous previous natural disasters with respect to the allocation and provision of shelter, as it pertains directly to the construction, maintenance and feasability of various types of emergency shelters. As it is a compilation of the proceedings of a seminar concerning such issues, it is of great technical merit and useful also as a source of quantitative information regarding the likely scope and concentration of displaced persons or refugees in the wake of natural disaster. One drawback, however, is that it is now more than twenty years outdated, and does not account for the numerous technological advancements which have hereunto occurred. It does outline, however, detailed methods for the instruction of natives in the erection of emergency shelter to suit their own need.
Kreimer, Alcira. (1977). Reconstruction on shaky ground: learning from recent disaster experiences. Cambridge, MA: Alcira Kreimer.
It might be useful to note that this dissertation was prepared for a research project entitled: Emergency Shelter and Related Services Following Disaster, and, as is implied, is highly relevant to the notion of establishing emergency relief shelter. Due to the fact that case studies were conducted for this paper in the nations of Nicaragua and Guatemala, both which share many cultural and developmental similarities with Peru, it is also useful as a specific reference to the probable necessity of temporary shelter for the Peruvian coast. Furthermore, it deals with numerous particulars of the logistical aspects of shelter provision, such as education and recruitment of locals, organizational demands and the transportation of supplies necessary for such projects through nations whose infrastructure (what little existed prior) has been destroyed or greatly hampered.
Rubin, Claire B. ( 1985). Community recovery from a major natural disaster. University of Colorado.
This book speaks volumes regarding the immediate and long term struggles encountered in numerous case studies involving a variety of natural disasters and circumstances spanning the entire spectrum of possible damage. It is invaluable as a resource to determine both the need for emergency shelter in a given region (and thus the allocation of such shelter initiatives) and the capability of the community to aid in reconstructive or temporary construction efforts. Because it pertains to numerous examples of severe flooding, hurricanes, earthquakes and other such occurrences which, because they are more common than tsunami, allow us to extrapolate, based on the individual characteristics of each which may be analogous to those of tsunami, and predict damages and hence the necessity of temporary shelter.
Schneider, Robert O. (2002). Hazard mitigation and sustainable community development.
Disaster Prevention and Management. 11. 2. pp. 14
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=164878971&sid=7&Fmt=3&clientId=5482&RQT=309&VName=PQD
This journal article examines the correlation between emergency relief efforts and long-term community development before and after disaster events. While it has no specific focus on tsunami, it is highly useful as a source of information regarding the development of a community in such a way as to minimize the necessity of emergency shelter (in addition to foodstuffs, water and medical supplies) in the event of any large-scale natural disaster. It also includes relatively detailed discussion of the methods which may be employed to reduce risks during the execution of emergency procedures, furthermore to those which may be implemented during stable times. Also, this article could conceivably be of great use as a source of general information regarding pre-emergency programs and initiatives designed to reduce risk and facilitate swift recovery.
Thompson, Paul & Tod, Ian. (1998). Mitigating flood losses in the active floodplains of Bangladesh
Disaster Prevention and Management. 7. 2. pp. 113
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=84987330&sid=13&Fmt=3&clientId=5482&RQT=309&VName=PQD
While this journal lacks any specific reference to tsunami emergency situations, it yet retains much of its value due to the analogous nature of floods and tsunami with regards to the circumstances surrounding the allocation of emergency shelter and the implementation of other emergency relief programs and warning systems. It details and analyzes the methods used to alert largely rural populations of disaster conditions, as well as the procedures for the dispersal of all relevant emergency services. Because it includes a detailed examination of tested programs for the provision of shelter to large numbers of displaced persons in a developing nation, it could be said that it is almost completely analogous to the circumstances faced by tsunami victims in developing nations. In addition to this, it is an excellent source of information regarding the current state of emergency implements in developing nations, specifically in areas of high population density similar to those which may be faced in Lima or other populous regions of Peru.
Waugh, William L. & Hy, Ronald John . (1990). Handbook of emergency management. Westport, CT:Greenwood Press
Similarly to the source listed directly above, this publication contains information pertaining to the primary logistical issues of maintaining order, adequate food, shelter, water and medical care in a society such as that of a developing nation in the wake of large-scale natural disaster. Because developing nations are more adversely affected by such disasters with respect to their social and governmental authorities, it is possible for such incidents to plunge developing nations, or, more specifically, the rural or semi-rural communities contained therein into a veritable dark age, and thus, considerations must be made with regard to the demand for shelter in an emergency and the ability of local authorities to establish such shelter.