Team 1: General information on Earthquakes and tsunamis

Stephanie Oh

Leslie, M. (2005).When the Earth Moved. Science. Vol.309, Issue 5739, p1307.

This article presents info about a recent online database called SeismoArchives. As a new offering from the seismology consortium IRIS, the clearinghouse is meant to cache digital versions of paper and microfilm seismograms.

New Seismic Product Guide. (2005). Nuclear Future, Vol. 1, Issue 4, p162-162.

This article presents info about various new Seismic Monitoring and Protection Systems from Sensonics. Such services include seismic transducers and safety switches, nuclear infrastructure protection, structural and environmental monitoring as well as vibration data capture & analysis. Applications covered include vibration measurement of buildings, bridges, nuclear power stations, oil exploration infrastructure, mines and other large structures, where monitoring and protection is required from naturally occurring seismic events or man-made construction vibration.

Dawicki, S. (2005). Tsunami leaves behind intriguing clues. Oceanus, Vol. 44 Issue 1, p22-23.

The article presents information on how tsunamis have given clues to how large undersea earthquakes occur and how they create tsunamis. As for the tsunami that occurred in the Indian Ocean in 2004, Scientists have found information that indicates to how the earthquake might have triggered it.

Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program. 1999.

[http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/GSHAP/]

Launched in 1992 by the International Lithosphere Program (ILP) with the support of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), GSHAP presents many informative and useful seismic hazard maps, global and regional.

International Lithosphere Program. Feb 2004.

[http://www.sclilp.org/index.htm]

Presents interesting projects such as the Global Earthquake Potential, earthquake recurrence throughout time, and the world stress map.

USGS: Earthquake Hazards program

[earthquake.usgs.gov]

A National System in the U.S. that maps out various earthquake hazard zones in the U.S. Interesting information about awareness, response, and protection in cases of emergency.

Tsunamis and Earthquakes Research at the USGS

[http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/]

Website presents general information on how local tsunamis are generated by earthquakes as well as animations, virtual reality models of tsunamis, and summaries of past research studies. Examples are: Which Aspects of Earthquake Rupture Affect Local Tsunamis and Forecasting Local Tsunami Hazards.

Dvorak, J. & Peek, T. (1993) Swept away. Earth. Vol. 2 Issue 4, p52.

This article presents information about the formation, causes, and effects of tsunamis. Refers to Undersea earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, as well as history of various tsunamis. Discusses the formation, causes, and effects of tsunamis.

Iida, K. & Iwasaki T. (1983). Tsunamis; their science and engineering; proceedings of the international tsunami symposium. 577 pp.

record of Conference in Sendai-Ofunato-Kamaishi, Japan, May 1981, in which they discuss the engineering of tsunamis.

Kanamori, H; Given, J W. (1983). Use of long-period seismic waves for rapid evaluation of tsunami potential of large earthquakes. 37-49.

Also a conference document (Tsunamis; their science and engineering; proceedings of the international tsunami symposium) presents how to evaluate tsunami potential in comparison to the magnitude of earthquakes. Abe, Katsui. (1983)

Also a conference Document (Tsunamis; their science and engineering; proceedings of the international tsunami symposium) Proposes a new scale of tsunami magnitude

Forest, D. (2005) Tsunami Postmortem. Natural History. Vol. 114 Issue 7, p12.

This article explains the cause of the 2004 Tsunami: the Indo-Australian tectonic plate was steadily pushing northward and, at the same time, thrusting under the Eurasian plate. The two plates were converging here at a rate of an inch or two a year, building up immense stresses at the boundary. This article also explains the continuing effects up to the present.

Kanamori. H. (1993) Shake, Rattle, and Wave. Sea Frontiers. Vol. 39 Issue 3, p18.

Article presents information about earthquakes that generate tsunamis in comparison to the magnitude of the earthquakes. Discusses the 1992 Nicaraguan earthquake

Weinstein, S. & Okal, E.(2005). The Mantle Magnitude M (sub m) and the Slowness Parameter Theta ; Five Years of Real-time Use in the Context of Tsunami Warning. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. vol.95, no.3, p.779-799.

Article presents information on how the measurements of the mantle magnitude M (sub m) introduced by Okal and Talandier in 1989, are used, by organizations such as the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, to predict tsunamis.

U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program Review and International Tsunami Symposium. (2001). Seattle, Washington. [http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/its2001/]

This website contains papers and abstracts from the International Tsunami Symposium 2001 (ITS 2001) and the U.S. National Tsunami Mitigation Program Review (USNTMP), held in Seattle, Washington, USA, on 7–10 August 2001. Contains useful articles such as those on tsunami risk assessment and tsunami measurement and data analysis.

Iida, K (1958). Magnitude and Energy of Earthquakes accompanied by Tsunami and Tsunami Energy. Journal of Earth Science. Vol. 6, Issue 2, 101-112.

Article discusses relation between magnitude of earthquakes and the magnitude of tsunamis. Presents interesting comparison tables.

Ravilious, K (2005). Tsunami Waves ‘Shot Along’ Mid Ocean Ridges. New Scientist. Vol. 187, Issue 2515, pg 13.

This article explains the reason why some parts of the globe were hit harder by larger waves than closer regions during the 2004 December tsunami. The pattern of waves is explained by underwater structures such as mid-ocean ridges and continental shelves funneling the waves and their energy across massive distances. [http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document?_m=ae97c9493ca0cebd4e2fabefa57f0192&_docnum=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkVb&_md5=b9fa7b6882592a11c980a11ddd745d69]

Tsunamis: Facts About Killer Waves. (2005). National Geographic.
[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1228_041228_tsunami.html]

Article presents informative facts, warning signs, and advice about tsunamis. There are facts like flooding can extend inland by a thousand feet (300 meters) or more, geological features such as reefs, bays, river entrances, and undersea formations may dissipate the energy of a tsunami, and that the Pacific is by far the most active tsunami zone, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Tsunami Warning System.
[http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/warning/warning.html]

The official site of the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, comprised of 26 participating international Member States. It monitors seismological and tidal stations throughout the Pacific Basin to evaluate potentially tsunamigenic earthquakes and disseminating tsunami warning information. Located near Honolulu, Hawaii, the Pacific TWC provides tsunami warning information to national authorities in the Pacific Basin.

Cox, C. (2005). Breaking the Waves. Popular Mechanics. Vol. 182, Iss. 9;  pg. 32.

Article presents the winning blue print for a more tsunami resistant house in the Massachusetts institute of Technology Tsunami Challenge architectural competition. This actual layout was adopted by the charity Prajnopaya Foundation, which is headed by MIT's Buddhist chaplain, Tenzin Priyadarshi. The houses should be five times more resistant and cost around $1200 each.

Quirk, M. (2005) Nature’s Wrath. The Atlantic Monthly. Vol. 296, Iss. 2;  pg. 58.

This article presents a research spurred on by the 2004 tsunami. By gathering data showing which parts of the world have been most ravaged by nature-floods, droughts, earthquakes, cyclones, volcanoes, and landslides-over roughly the past twenty-five years, the research team assessed global future risks. The article contains very informative charts and maps that lists “disaster hotspots” by hazard type, including tsunamis and earthquakes.

Perkins, Sid. (2005) Earthshaking Event. Science News. Vol. 168, Iss. 9;  pg. 136.

The Article describes the effects of the earthquake during and after it occurred. For example, beyond the area the surface of the ground slowly heaved up and down at least 1 centimeter, triggering a swarm of small earthquakes in Alaska, a quarter of the way around the globe from the epicenter of the quake. The article also states that a constant monitoring of a dense network of global positioning system instruments near earthquake-prone regions could play a critical role in future tsunami-warning system.

Bird, Juliet & Lubkowski, Z. (2005) Managing Tsunami Risk. The Lancet. Vol. 365, Iss. 9456;  pg. 271.

Article lists tsunami risks in undeveloped areas. Contrasts the emergency response in developed countries such as Japan and undeveloped countries such as parts of the Indian Ocean Region and what can be done to improve the response. It proposes an early warning system and effective evacuation plan, designed to continue functioning after strong earthquake shaking.