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Begg, G. (2001). The values and
benefits of
wetlands. National Centre for Tropical Wetland Research.
This report
highlights the many useful properties of wetlands, stessing the
importance of
protecting them. The explanations of how wetlands benefit the earth may
serve
as a guideline for must be done in terms of wetland protection in the
face of
global warming, as rising sea levels will disrupt and destroy many
wetlands.
Church,
J. A.
(2001). How fast are sea levels rising? Science, 294(5543), 802.
This brief article discusses the idea that thermal expansion of the
ocean accounts for most of the sea level rise, and justifies this
conclusion by drawing on another study. The article asserts the
importance of reconciling different models and observations of sea
level rise in order to make accurate predictions for the future, and
maintains that the central question is to determine how good the
spatial pattern of ocean thermal expansion is.
Church,
J. A.,
& White, N. J. (2006). A 20th century acceleration in global
sea-level
rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(1), 01602.
This brief article presents evidence for acceleration of sea level rise
during the 20th century using Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs)
from satellite altimeter data. The study finds that the acceleration of
sea level rise for the 20th century, about 0.008 + 0.008 mm/yr2,
is smaller than the acceleration from 1870 to 2001, about 0.013 + 0.006 mm/yr2.
It predicts that if the same acceleration is maintained through the
21st century, the sea level in 2100 will be 310 + 30 mm higher than in
1990.
Church,
J. A.,
White, N. J., Coleman, R., Lambeck, K., & Mitrovica, J. X. (2004).
Estimates of the regional distribution of sea level rise over the
1950-2000
period. Journal of Climate, 17(13), 2609-2625.
This study attemps to improve understanding of sea level rise by
combining the benefits of satellite imagery with those of a tide gauge
dataset. It includes an in-depth look at the datasets and methodology
used to determine the rates of sea level rise for the period from
1993-2000 and from 1950-2000. A major conclusion of the study is the
value of the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) tide gauge
network, which was used in determining the global averaged mean sea
level rise, which was found to be 1.8 + 0.3 mm/yr.
Dean, C. (2006, September 9,
2006). Time to move
the Mississippi,
experts say. [Electronic version]. The New York Times, Retrieved
November 10, 2006, from nytimes.com database.
This article emphasizes the fact that many scientists now agree that a
diversion of the Mississippi River is essential to preserving the Gulf
Coast. It outlines a specific plan for moving the river, along with
potential pitfalls. This information could be very useful if the class
decides to incorporate a diversion of the river into the final plan.
Donn,
W. L., &
Shaw, D. M. (1963). Sea level and climate of the past century.
Science, 142(3596),
1166-1167.
This very brief article provides an overview of sea level trends during
the past century based on tide gauge data from different stations
around the United States. The purpose of the study is to establish a
correlation between sea level trends and global climate change. It is
found that the average rate of sea level rise for the western coast of
the US is about half of that for the eastern coast, showing that
regional data cannot be considered typical of global sea level rise.
Emery,
K. O.
(1980). Relative sea levels from tide-gauge records. Proceedings of
the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 77(12,
[Part
1: Physical Sciences]), 6968-6972.
This study provides both short-term and long-term global sea level rise
predictions by compiling monthly and annual mean sea level data from a
previous study and supplementing it with data from six stations in the
People's Republic of China. The results predict a long term sea level
rise of anywhere between 0-5 mm/yr for low and middle latitudes, and up
to 14 mm/yr around the Gulf of Mexico. Short term predictions are in
the range of 1-1.5 mm/yr. Overall, the results show a relative rate of
sea level rise that is 2-3 times the rate found in similar studies
prior to the 1970s.
Gornitz,
V.,
Lebedeff, S., & Hansen, J. (1982). Global sea level trend in the
past
century. Science, 215(4540), 1611-1614.
This study uses tide-gauge measurements to estimate sea level rise over
the previous century. A trend of about 1 mm/yr is found, and this
is related to the trend in global surface air temperature. It is
concluded that a large part of the sea level rise is due to thermal
expansion of the upper ocean, and a small part to some melting of the
ice sheets. The study also predicts a continued rise in sea level,
approximately 20-30 cm over a period of 70 years due to thermal
expansion of seawater.
Gumbel,
A. (2006,
September 20, 2006 Wednesday). Mississippi turning. The Independent
(London), pp. 26.
This article discusses the problem of land loss in southern Louisiana
and presents a radical plan to solve it. The plan, developed by the
Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, involves shifting the
course of the lower Mississippi in order to allow wetlands to rebuild
themselves. The article discusses previous interactions between humans
and the river and presents the pros and cons of putting the new plan
into action.
Hay,
John & Mimura, Nobuo. (2005). Sea-level rise: Implications for
water resources
management. Mitigation & Adaptation Strategies for Global
Change, 10(4),
717-737.
This study observes the impacts that an increasing sea level will have
on different areas of water resources management. It points out various
impacts that sea level rise will have, including an increase in wetland
erosion, inundation and flooding, reach of storm surges, seawater
intrustion into surface waters and coastal aquifers, and encroachment
of seawater into estuaries and river systems. For each of these
hazards, it goes into detail to explain and quantifity each and make
suggestions of what can be done to lessen the impact. The study
concludes that solutions should try to prevent and anticipate as much
as possible and incorporate autonomous adaptation.
Liu,
S. K. (1997).
Using coastal models to estimate effects of sea level rise. Ocean
&
Coastal Management, 37(1), 85.
This study uses a numerical model of the China Sea to
observe effects of sea level rise. Sea level was increased by 1
meter to make comparisons with the current conditions, and two
different cases were considered: one in which the model was driven only
by astronomical tides, and one involving a typhoon moving toward the
coast. It was found that rising sea levels brought breaking waves
further inland, leading to increased flood damage and beach erosion,
and in the second case, surge height increased by about 20% during the
passage of the storm.
Louisiana Wetland Protection Panel.
(1987). Saving louisiana's
coastal
wetlands: The need for a long-term plan of action No.
EPA-230-02-87-026). Grand Terre Island,
LA: United States
Environmental Protection Agency.
This report expresses the need for a long-term method of preserving the
coastal wetlands of Louisiana, and is very in-depth in outlining and
explaining the various strategies of doing so. The information in this
report could be infinitely useful to the team as it examines each
method of wetland protection in detail, explaining which methods are
most effective and why.
Marmer,
H. A.
(1948). Is the Atlantic coast sinking? The evidence from the tide.
Geographical Review, 38(4), 652-657.
This study compares sea level data from several different locations. It
notes that all stations showed yearly variations in sea level. The
observations prove that the Atlantic coast has been subsiding at a rate
of 0.02 ft/yr since 1930, but it is unclear whether this subsidence is
absolute or relative.
Meehl,
G. A.,
Washington, W. M., Collins, W. D., Arblaster, J. M., Hu, A., &
Buja, L. E.,
et al. (2005). How much more global warming and sea level rise?
Science, 307(5716),
1769-1772.
This article explains how, even if greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere had been stabilized in 2000, we would still be committed to
an additional 0.4 to 0.6 degrees Celsius rise in global temperature by
2100. It uses two models, the Parallel Climate Model and the Community
Climate System Model version 3, to justify these conclusions and
predict sea level rise for the next century, using three different
scenarios: a low-estimate scenario, a medium-range scenario, and a
high-estimate scenario.
Michener,
W. K.,
Blood, E. R., Bildstein, K. L., Brinson, M. M., & Gardner, L. R.
(1997).
Climate change, hurricanes and tropical storms, and rising sea level in
coastal
wetlands. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 770-801.
This in-depth study provides a background of the earth's wetlands and
attempts to assess all possible effects, both positive and negative,
that global warming and sea level rise could have on them. The paper
looks at the possible ecological responses of wetlands to sea level
rise, hurricanes and tropical storms, and assesses the vulnerability of
wetlands to these conditions. In the colnclusion, it suggests actions
that should be taken to increase understanding of climate change and
how it will impact wetlands.
Nicholls,
R. J.,
Marchand, M., & Hoozemans, F. M. J. (1999). Increasing flood risk
and wetland
losses due to global sea-level rise: Regional and global analyses.
Global
Environmental Change Part A: Human & Policy Dimensions, 9(4),
S69.
This article examines data from the Fast Track Programme in great depth
in analyzing the potential impacts of sea level rise on both coastal
flooding due to storm surges and loss of coastal wetlands. It adjusts
the model used by a previous study for observing coastal flooding and
develops a dynamic, non-linear model for wetland losses. The paper
presents many details of this methodology before presenting the results
gained for the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s, both globally and regionally.
Pelley,
S. (2005). New orleans is sinking; some questioning whether or not
New
Orleans should
be rebuilt. 60 Minutes.
This presentation of 60 Minutes provides conflicting opinions as to
whether or not New Orleans should be rebuilt and gives reasoning for
each argument. The main argument against rebuilding is the prediction
that by the end of the century, the city will be completely offshore.
It is argued that the only way to stop this from happening is to
reverse the constant land loss on the Mississippi delta by a massive
restoration of wetlands.
Shennan,
I.
(1993). Sea-level changes and the threat of coastal inundation. The
Geographical Journal, 159(2), 148-156.
This article attempts to determine the severity of the threat of
inundation to the coastal lowlands of Great Britain due to sea level
rise. The study looks at the history of Great Britain's coastal
lowlands in order to further understand their future and what must be
done to preserve them. It notes that the predicted sea level rise
until 2050 is much greater than any changes experienced in the past 700
years, and if the sea level rises to the point that protection by
beach, dune and marsh systems is decreased, the potential for
inundation will rise substantially.
Shuang-Ye
Wu,
Yarnal, B., & Fisher, A. (2002). Vulnerability of coastal
communities to
sea-level rise: A case study of Cape May County, New Jersey, USA.
Climate
Research, 22(3), 255.
This study uses Cape May County, NJ, as a case study to examine the
potential effects of sea level rise on coastal communities. It begins
by explaining the meaning of vulnerability and describing the area
studied. It then looks into the various aspects of vulnerability,
including the risk of flooding due to storm surges, damage to
ecosystems, and social vulnerability. A major conclusion is that sea
level rise will increase the amount of land exposed to high flood risk,
increasing the overall vulnerability of Cape May County and exposing an
increased number of vulnerable subgroups to the risk of flooding.
Sullivan, B. (2006). Impact of
Katrina exodus
felt far and wide. MSNBC. This article describes the
migration of refugees in the aftermath of Katrina. It examines St.
Tammany's Parish most closely, which relates to Team 2's proposed
solution of moving many New Orleans residents to the North Shore. The
article examines how the influx of refugees boosted the North Shore's
economy, providing support for the proposed plan.
Thomson,
D. M.,
Shaffer, G. P., & McCorquodale, J. A. (2001/12). A potential
interaction
between sea-level rise and global warming: Implications for coastal
stability
on the Mississippi River deltaic plain. Global and Planetary Change,
32(1),
49-59.
Titus, J. G., Kuo, C. Y., Gibbs,
M. J., LaRoche, T.
B., & Webb, M. K. (1987). Greenhouse effect, sea level rise, and
coastal
drainage systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
(ASCE)
JWRMD5, Vol.113.
This article examines the impact of sea level rise on coastal drainage
systems and provides solutions for keeping drainage systems functioning
as sea levels continue rising. This information may be particularly
useful for the city planning team, which must take into account New
Orleans' drainage systems when planning for rebuilding the city.
Titus,
J. G.,
& Narayanan, V. K. (1995). Probability of sea level rise.
United
States.
This paper goes very in-depth in determining the probability and
magnitude of sea level rise over various periods of time, up to 2200.
The paper takes into account all known possible contributions to sea
level rise and through complex methodology provides a formula for
projecting sea level rise. Values of estimated sea level rise are given
for different time frames and different probabilities.
Walsh,
K. J. E.,
Betts, H., Church, J., Pittock, A. b., McInnes, K. L., & Jackett,
D. R., et
al. (2004). Using sea level rise projections for urban planning in
Australia.
Journal of Coastal Research, 20(2), 586-598.
This article divides projected sea level rise into several main
components and discusses each in detail, for both global and regional
sea level rise. It then uses data from global climate models (GCMs) to
estimate future global and regional temperature changes and sea level
rise, and incorporates these data into planning for future sea level
rise in Australia. It notes the importance of using both global and
regional data in site-specific planning and also points out that a
problem remains for future planning in the wide range of estimates
available.
Woodworth,
P. L.,
& Blackman, D. L. (2004). Evidence for systematic changes in
extreme high
waters since the mid-1970s. Journal of Climate, 17(6), 1190-1197.
This article focuses on studying sea level changes of the past century
and predictions for the future by looking at changes in extreme high
waters rather than mean sea level (MSL), using the percentile time
series analysis. It is found that there is significant evidence for
increases in extreme high water levels since 1975, as well as a
correlation between these changes and changes in regional
climate.
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