Throughput is how many bits come out of the line of communication in a given amount of time.
For instance, if you have an optical fiber 10 light seconds long and you put one bit per second into one end of it, it'll be 10 seconds before the first bit makes it out the other end (assuming light goes c in an optical fiber, or a clever definition of "light second") but once the bits start coming out they'll do so one per second. So you have a 10 second latency, but 1 bit/second throughput.
If you double the length of the fiber you double the latency but throughput is unchanged.
Brad
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