This [$B#V$F(B-form$B!\(B $B$$$k(B] pattern is used to describe either one of the
following situations:
1. to indicate that some action is currently taking place.
2. to indicate that something happened and that the resultant state
continues.
$B#A!'(B[$B#V$F(B-form$B!\(B $B$$$k(B]--progressive action
$B$l$$(B
1.$BA0ED$5$s$O!":#EEOC$r$+$1$F$$$^$9!#(B
Mr. Maeda is talking on a phone now.
2.A:$B$=$3$G2?$r$7$F$$$k$s$G$9$+!#(B What are doing there?
B:$B
$B$l$s$7$e$&(B
- Mr. Tanaka is drinking coffee now.
- (His) wife is using the computer.
- (Their) daughter is watching TV($B%F%l%S(B).
- (Their) son is studying.
- I do jogging 30 minutes every morning.
- My husband teaches English at a college.
B$B!'(B[V$B$F(B-form$B!\(B $B$$$k(B]--continuation of a state
$B$l$$(B
1.$B>.NS@h@8$O!"$1$C$3$s$7$F$$$i$C$7$c$$$^$9$M!#(B
Prof. Kobayashi is married, isn't she?
2.$BF|K\$+$i
$B$l$s$7$e$&(B
- Mary is married, but Jane is not.
- Mr. Kimura has gone to Paris (and is there now).
- Three cars are parked in front of the entrance.
C$B!'(B[V$B$F(B-form$B$$$J$$(B]--"have not V-ed"
Notes:
1.$B;H$C$F$$$^$9(B normally refers to a progressive action "I am using...",
but it could refer to a continuation of a state "I have used..."
depending on the context.
2.$B;H$C$F$$$^$;$s(B, likewise, may refer to either "I am not using..." or
"I haven't used..."
$B$l$$(B
1.A:$BF|K\$X9T$-$^$7$?$+!#(B A:Have you been to Japan?
B:$B$$$$$(!"9T$C$F$$$^$;$s!#(B B:No, I haven't.
cf.A:$B5nG/F|K\$X9T$-$^$7$?$+!#(B A:Did you go to Japan last year?
B:$B$$$$$(!"9T$-$^$;$s$G$7$?!#(B B:No, I didn't.
$B$l$s$7$e$&(B--Respond with $B$$$$$(!"!A$F$$$^$;$s(B to the following questions.
- $B%+!<%?!<$5$s$O!"$+$($j$^$7$?$+!#(B
- $B%l%C%9%s#1#0#B$N%F!<%W$rJ9$-$^$7$?$+!#(B
- $B@h@8$N?7$7$$%3%s%T%e!<%?!<$r8+$^$7$?$+!#(B
II$B!%(BUsage$B!!(Bof$B!!(BVerb$B!!CN$k(B (a consonant verbal)
Notes:
1.$BCN$k(B means "to acquire knowledge".
"X knows ..." ---------$B#X$O(B...$B$rCN$C$F$$$k(B/$BCN$C$F$$$^$9(B
"X does not know..." --$B#X$O(B...$B$rCN$i$J$$(B/$BCN$j$^$;$s(B
2.$BJ,$+$k(B means "to understand; can figure out, etc."
Compare:
a.$BEDCf$5$s$rCN$C$F$$$^$9!#(B
b.$BF|K\8l$,J,$+$j$^$9$+!#(B
Notes:
1.The honorific version of $BCN$k(B: [Someone superior knows...]
$B$4$>$s$8$@!!!!(B/$B$4$>$s$8$G$9(B
$B$4$>$s$8$c$J$$(B/$B$4$>$s$8$8$c$"$j$^$;$s(B
2.The humble version of $BCN$k(B:[Speaker/in-group knows...]
$B$>$s$8$F$$$k(B/$B$>$s$8$F$$$^$9(B or $B$>$s$8$F$*$j$^$9(B
$B$>$s$8$J$$!!(B/$B$>$s$8$^$;$s(B
$B$l$$(B
1.A:$B$"$NJ}$r$4$>$s$8$G$9$+!#(B Do you know that person?
B:$B$O$$!"$h$/$>$s$8$F$*$j$^$9!#(BYes, I know him well.
2.A:$B;d$O$>$s$8$^$;$s$,!"EDCf$5$s$,$4$>$s$8$G$7$g$&!#(B
I don't know it, but Mr. Tanaka probably knows.
B:$B$$$(!"$&$+$,$$$^$7$?$1$I!"$4$>$s$8$8$c$"$j$^$;$s$G$7$?!#(B
No, I asked him, but he didn't know it.
$B$l$s$7$e$&(B
- Do you know the Park Building?
- I know that person, but don't know his name.
- I didn't know that.
- Is the road clear to you?
III$B!%(BPhrase$B!](Bparticle $B$H(B
[$B#X$H!\(BPredicate $B#Y(B]describes the occurance of $B#Y(B in accompaniment with $B#X(B.
$B$l$$(B
1.$B$f$&$YM'$@$A$H%Q!<%F%#!<$K9T$-$^$7$?!#(B
I went to a party with a friend last night.
2.$B$_$I$j$5$s$O!"Mh7n%$%?%j%"?M$H$1$C$3$s$7$^$9!#(B
Midori will marry an Italian next month.
3.$B$3$N
$B$l$s$7$e$&(B
- I often eat with my Japanese friends.
- Midori-san got divorced from her husband.
- Japanese is very different from Chinese.
- I talked with my teacher, too.
IV$B!%(BMore$B!!(Babout$B!!(BPhrase$B!](Bparticle $B$K(B
$B$l$$(B
a.$B%K%e!<%h!<%/$K9T$-$^$7$g$&!#(B [ultimate goal]
Let's go to New York.
b.$B;0;~H>$^$G$K$$$i$C$7$c$C$F2<$5$$!#(B[specific time]
Please come at 3:30.
c.$BM'$@$A$K$h$/
$B$l$s$7$e$&(B
- Did you call Mr. Hayashi this morning?
- I am teaching Japanese to American students.
- I would like to talk to Prof. Miyagawa, but is he in?
- I don't want to lend him my bicyle.
- I borrwed this dictionary from my Korean friend.
- I don't know. Please ask your teacher.
- From whom did you hear that?
Miscellaneous$B!!(BNotes
$B!!(B1.Family terms: In-group Out-group
wife $B$+$J$$(B/$B$D$^(B $B$*$/$5$s(B
husband $B$7$e$8$s(B $B$4$7$e$8$s(B
$B!!(B2.Nationalities: (see p.275)
Country Name + $B?M(B($B$8$s(B)
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