Grammar Notes $BBh(B11$B2](BA

I$B!%(BMore$B!!(Bon$B!!(BFamily$B!!(BTerms

 

$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#i#n!]#g#r#o#u#p!!!!!!!!#o#u#t!]#g#r#o#u#p(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#w#i#f#e!!!!2HFb(B/$B$D$^!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$*$/$5$s(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#h#u#s#b#a#n#d!!!!$/(B($B$+$>$/(B)$B!!!!!!!!$42H$>$/(B($B$4$+$>$/(B)

 $B$l$$(B   
        1.A:$B$47;Do$$$i$C$7$c$$$^$9$+!#(B
            Do you have brothers and sisters?   
          B:$B$O$$!";P$,0l?M$HDo$,0l?M$$$^$9!#(B
            Yes, I have one elder sister and one younger brother.
        2.A:$B$*7;$5$s$O!"$*$$$/$D$G$9$+!#(B
            How old is your older brother?   
          B:$B7;$G$9$+!#Fs==;M$5$$$G$9!#(B  
            My brother?  He's 24.

$B#I#I!%#A!'#P#r#e#d#i#c#a#t#e!!#X!\$+$i!"#P#r#e#d#i#c#a#t#e!!#Y!!(B"because X, Y"

 
 Notes: If Y is Direct-style, X must be Direct-Sytle as well.
        If Y is Distal-style, X can be either Direct or Distal.
 
 Compare:   "I am sick, so I won't go to school."
            a.$B$S$g$&$-$@$+$i!"3X9;$X9T$+$J$$!#(B
            b.$B$S$g$&$-$@$+$i!"3X9;$X9T$-$^$;$s!#(B
            c.$B$S$g$&$-$G$9$+$i!"3X9;$X9T$-$^$;$s!#(B
            **$B$S$g$&$-$G$9$+$i!"3X9;$X9T$+$J$$!#(B

 Also compare: 
            $B#2;~$+$i$+$$$.$K9T$-$^$7$g$&!#(B
            Let's go to a meeting from 2 o'clock on.
            $B#2;~$@$+$i$,$$$.$K9T$-$^$7$g$&!#(B
            Let's go to a meeting since it's 2 o'clock.

$B#B!'!!#P#r#e#d#i#c#a#t#e!!#X!!!\!!$+$i(B($B$G$9(B)$B!#(B

     $B#Q!'$I$&$7$F!D$s$G$9$+!#(B    
     $B#A!'(BPredicate$B#X$+$i$G$9(B/$B$s$G$9!#(B

 $B$l$$(B  
       1.A:$B$I$&$7$FF|K\8l$r$Y$s$-$g$&$7$F$$$k$s$G$9$+!#(B
           Why are studying Japanese?
         B:$BMhG/F|K\$X9T$-$?$$$+$i$G$9!#(B
           Because I want to go to Japan next year. 
       2.A:$B$f$&$Y!"%Q!<%F%#!<$KMh$^$;$s$G$7$?$M!#(B
           You didn't come to the party last night, did you?
         B:$B$($(!";E;v$,$?$/$5$s$"$C$?$s$G$9!#(B
           I had a lot of work (that's why).

$B$l$s$7$e$&(B

  1. I attended the seminar last week, so I'm not attending this week.
  2. Today is a day-off, so I am staying home.
  3. I didn't go because it was terribly cold.
  4. A: Why doesn't that person speak Japanese?
    B: It's because he is a second generation (of Japanese).
  5. A: As for today's quiz, you didn't do well, did you? Why?
    B: It is that I didn't study kanji at all.
  6. A:Why did you become late?
    B:Because the train got delayed because of an accident.

III$B!%(BPatterns$B!!(Bof$B!!(BManner

 
 $B!!!!#V$F(Bform    a.$B@h@8$,$*$/$l$F$$$i$C$7$c$$$^$7$?!#(B
                   Our teacher came late.
                 b.$BKhF|%F!<%W$rJ9$$$F!"F|K\8l$r$Y$s$-$g$&$7$F$$$^$9!#(B 
                   I am studying Japanese, listening to tapes every day. 
$B!!$$(B-Adj.(-$B$/(B)   a.$B:#F|$O!"$9$4$/$"$D$$$G$9$M$(!#(B 
                   It's extremely hot today.
                 b.$B$b$C$HBg$-$/=q$$$F2<$5$$!#(B
                   Please write them in larger size.
$B!!$J(B-Adj.(-$B$K(B)   a.$B$-$l$$$K=q$-$^$7$?$M!#(B   
                   You wrote them beautifully.
                 b.$B>e





$B#I#V!%#P#r#e#d#i#c#a#t#e(B(Direct-form)$B!\$H;W$&(B  "I think that..."


 
 Note: $B;W$C$F$$$^$9(B (1) expresses thinking that occurs over a period
of time and (2) expresses the 3rd person's thoughts.

 Compare:
          a.$B;3ED$5$s$O!"1Q8l$,>ee





 $B$l$s$7$e$&(B



    

  1. I think that that person is Midori-san's elder brother.

  2. I think that her younger brother goes to a college in Osaka. (habitual)

  3. I think that I met that man long time ago.

  4. I don't think that I lent you my dictionary.
   (lit. I think that I didn't lend you my dictionary.)

  5. A: I think that it's hot today, (but,) what do you think, Mr. Suzuki?
    
   B: I think so, too.      

  6. A: Do you think that today's test was easy?
    
   B: No, I don't think that it was easy.    

  7. I think that I would like to become a teacher at a college.









V$B!%(BDirect$B!](Bstyle$B!!(BTentative Copula $B$G$7$g$&!'$@$m$&(B


 $B$l$$(B  
       1.$B$5$`$$$@$m$&$1$I!"$[$C$+$$$I$&$X9T$-$?$$$H;W$$$^$9!#(B
         It will probably be cold, but I would like to go to Hokkaido.
       2.$B@h@8$O!"<7;~$4$m$K$O$$$i$C$7$c$k$@$m$&$H;W$$$^$9$,!D(B
         I think that the teacher will probably come by around 7:00.
       3.$B$+$l$O:#$k$9$@$m$&$+$i!":#HUEEOC$7$?$$$H;W$$$^$9!#(B
         He's probably not home now, so I think that I want to call him 
         tonight.






 $B$l$s$7$e$&(B



    

  1. He is probably about 20 years old.   (direct)

  2. It's probably so, isn't it?  (direct)

  3. I think that it won't probably be cold tomorrow.

  4. I thought that it would probably become warmer today, (but...)








MN


 1.$B2q$&(B vs. $B8+$k(B  a.$B%/!<%W$GLZB<$5$s(B{$B$H(B/$B$K(B}$B2q$$$^$7$?!#(B
                  b.$B%/!<%W$GLZB<$5$s$r8+$^$7$?!#(B
 2.$B$"$?$?$+$$(B($B$"$C$?$+$$(B)/$B$9$:$7$$(B/$B$"$D$$(B/$B$5$`$$(B







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[Lesson 11 Quiz Review] 
[Japanese 2]