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Material Covered
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Additional Readings
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1. Introduction
to Nanomechanics (CO) :
· what is nanomechanics?
· historical
background
· summary of length scales
compared for biology and materials science
· nanotechnology
· four fundamental forces of
nature
· summary of force scales compared
for biology and materials science
· why is nanomechanics
important to study? (*movies)
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· Israelachvili, pgs. 3-15, 27-29
· Feynman's
Classic Nanotechnology Talk (1959, APS-Caltech); "There's Plenty of
Room at the Bottom"
· "Engines
of Creation : The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology," Chapter 1, K. Eric Drexler,
Doubleday, 1986.
· "Nanotechnology
: Shaping the World Atom by Atom," US National Science and
Technology Council, 2000
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Richard P. Feynman's Lecture on Nanotechnology
(1984) :
"Tiny Machines"
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· Short biography of
Richard P. Feynman (1)
· Short
biography of Richard P. Feynman (2)
· Feynman
Links /
Feynman's books at Amazon.com
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2. Experimental
Aspects of Nanoindentation : I (KVV)
·
definition / motivation / applications
· materials engineering
· mechanics of small volumes
· materials physics
· load versus indentation depth, indentor considerations
· how does indentation work,
capacitor, calibration, environmental control, positioning, transducer
· results in bulk materials and thin
films, coatings, composites, alloys, copolymers
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· none
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3. Experimental
Aspects of Nanoindentation : II (KVV)
· Results in thin films, effect
of substrate
· polycrystal versus single crystal response
· elastic and plastic response
· discrete plasticity
· localized stress
· experimental bubble raft model
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· none
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4. Experimental
Aspects of High- Resolution Force Spectroscopy : I (CO)
· introduction to high-resolution
force spectroscopy
· description of general
components and function of each component
· force transducers
· cantilever beam theory
· force sensitivity
· fundamental physical limits of
force detection : harmonic oscillators
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· Ortiz handouts : (1) review / summary of
cantilever beam theory, (2) summary of harmonic motion, and (3) limits of
force detection
· Handouts from "Vibrations and Waves,"A. P. French, W. W. Norton and
Company, 1971
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5. Experimental
Aspects of High-Resolution Force Spectroscopy : II (CO)
· displacement detection :
Optical Lever Deflection Technique
· displacement control : piezoelectrics
· optical and magnetic tweezers
· surface forces apparatus
· biomembrane
surface probe
· comparison of force detection
limits and force ranges
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· Handouts from Physik Instrumente, Inc., "Basic Introduction to Nanopositioning with Piezoelectric Technology"
· Israelachvili, pgs. 168-174
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6. Experimental
Aspects of High-Resolution Force Spectroscopy III : Force versus Distance
Curves (CO)
· conversion of raw data to
force versus separation distance
· regions of typical adhesive
force versus distance curve; e.g. cantilever instabilities, constant
compliance regime
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· "Atomic Force Microscopy: Measuring Intermolecular
Interaction Forces," National Research Laboratory.
· "Scanning
Probe Microscopy : Technology Overview," Digital
Instruments Application Note.
· "Basic
Principles of Scanning Probe Microscopy," North Carolina State
University (USA).
· "Introduction
to Atomic Force Microscopy," University of Guelph
(CA).
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7. High-Resolution
Imaging With Forces : The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) (KVV)
· components of the AFM
· high resolution imaging using
a feedback loop
· AFM modes of operation
· first reported atomic
resolution images on hard, crystalline materials
· high-resolution imaging of
biological samples; e.g. cells and biopolymers
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· same as above
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8. Qualitative
Introduction to Intra- and Intermolecular Forces : (KVV)
· covalent
· metallic
· ionic (i.e. charge-charge)
· polar interactions (e.g.
charge-dipole, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding)
· polarization interactions
(e.g. charge-nonpolar, dipole-nonpolar)
· dispersion or london interactions (i.e. nonpolar-nonpolar)
· special interactions (e.g.
hydrophobic, hydrophilic, entropic elasticity)
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·`Handouts from Cell and Molecular Biology,
G. Karp, 1991.
· Israelachvili,
Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 4.1, 4.3, 4.7, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, Chapter 8
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9. Quantitative
Description of Intra- and Intermolecular Forces : (CO)
· intra- and intermolecular
potentials, forces, and stiffnesses : general
mathematical form
· noncovalent
van der Waals
interactions-Lennard-Jones potential
· covalent interactions- Morse
potential
· harmonic approximation
· thermal expansion
· comparison of potentials for
different types of interactions
· comparison of binding energies
for different types of interactions
· comparison of interaction
distance ranges for different types of interactions
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· same as above
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10.
Interparticle and and Intersurface Forces : (CO)
· bridging the gap between
length scales
· derivation of interaction
potential between a molecule and flat surface
· derivation of interaction
potential between a sphere and flat surface
· derivation of interaction
potential between two flat surfaces
· summary of dispersion van der Waals interaction
potentials
· comparison with experimental
data
· retardation effects in
dispersion van der Waals
interactions
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· Israelachvili, Sections 6.9, 10.1-10.3, 11.1, 11.2
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EXAM #1
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11.
Chemical Force Microscopy (CFM) : (CO)
· self-assembled monolayers with uncharged functional groups
· self-assembled monolayers with charged functional groups
· protein-SAM CFM
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· TBA
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12.
Electrostatic Interactions Between Charged Surfaces in Liquids (CO)
· the electric double layer
· the interaction between
charged surfaces in solution : the contact value theorum
· the interaction between
charged surfaces in the presence of an electrolyte
· DLVO theory
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· Israelachvili, Sections 12.1-8, 12.11, 12.15-18
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13.
Nanomechanics of Cartilage (CO)
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· TBA
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14.
High Resolution Force Spectroscopy of Cells and Bond Strength Measurements : (CO)
· biomembrane
surface probe
· introduction to biomolecular adhesion (ligand-receptor
interactions) and relevance to cell adhesion
· reaction-rate theory, theory
of molecular kinetics under force in liquids
· theory of force distributions
in probe experiments
· energy landscapes :
· biotin-strept(avidin)
· carbohydrate-L-selectin
· anchoring strength of lipids in
membranes
· serial linkages
· rupture of bonds connected to
flexible polymer chains
· rupture of covalent bonds
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· TBA
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15.
Contact Mechanics and Nanoindentation
: I (KVV)
· review of force-displacment response for bulk solids
· geometry of contact hysteresis
· work of contact deformation
· contact mechanics : definition
· effect of relative stiffness
on contact mechanics
·Hertzian elastic contact theory
· elastic nanoindentation
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· Papers distributed in class
· ''Nanoindentation'', A.C. Fischer-Cripps, Springer 2002
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16.
Contact Mechanics and Nanoindentation :
II (KVV)
elastic-to-plastic deformation
· load versus indentation curves
of various materials :
· linear elastic (e.g. diamond)
· nonlinear elastic (e.g.
rubber, cell membranes, bacterial cell walls)
· rigid-plastic (e.g. metals)
· elastic-plastic and strain-hardening
(e.g. metals, polymers)
· elastic-brittle (e.g.
ceramics, glasses)
· estimation of local mechanical
properties (e.g. hardness, stiffness, yield, work of indentation, hysteresis, fracture toughness)
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· Chapter 4 "Contact Mechanics," K. L
Johnson, Cambridge University Press 1985
· Digital
Instruments Application Note : "Nanoindenting,
Scratching and Wear Testing Using Scanning Probe Microscopy"
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17.
Theory of the Elasticity of Single Macromolecular Chains I : The
Freely-Jointed Chain (FJC) Model (CO)
· assumptions and definitions
(e.g. statistical segment length, contour length, root-mean- square end-to-end
distance)
· general statistical mechanical
formulas
· Gaussian chain statistics
· non-Gaussian chain statistics
· extensibility
· effect of a and n
on force curves
· manifestations in macroscopic
mechanics (rubber elasticity)
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· Ortiz handouts : A review of elasticity models
for extension of single polymer chains
· Chapter 3 : The Elasticity of Long Chain Molecules (Flory Text)
· Chapter 6 : NonGaussian Chain Statistics
and Network Theory, Treloar, L. R. G., The Physics
of Rubber Elasticity, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1975.
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18.
Elasticity of Single Macromolecular Chains II : Cont'd (CO)
· the worm-like chain (WLC) :
assumptions and definition of persistance length
· extensibility and comparison
with FJC
· comparison of theory with experimental
data on synthetic polymer chains (e.g. PS, PMAA, PEG, PVA)
· statistics of adsorption of
polymer chains to surfaces
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· same as above
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19.
Elasticity of Single Macromolecular Chains III : Biopolymers (CO)
· Markovian
two-state thermodynamic models
· polysaccharides (e.g. Dextran, Xanthan, cellulose)
· elasticity of globular
proteins (e.g. Titin, Tenascin)
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· TBA
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20.
Elasticity of DNA : (CO)
· review of DNA structure
· theory and experiment
· single-stranded
· double-stranded (e.g. B-DNA to
S-DNA strain-induced conformational transition)
· ionic effects
· torsional
constraints (e.g. overwound "supercoiled" P-DNA and underwound)
· braided · energy of denaturation
(melting)
· sequence-dependent mechanics
· molecular knots
· reptation
(theory and experiment) and relaxation of stretched DNA
· molecular separation of
complementary strands of DNA
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· TBA
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EXAM #2
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ADDITIONAL
SUPPLEMENTARY LECTURES GIVEN IN PAST YEARS :
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Lateral
Forces at the Atomic Scale : Friction :
· topographical effects
· Tomlinson's model
· friction between atomically
flat surfaces
· stick-slip
· frictional force microscopy
(e.g. self-assembled monolayers)
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· Handouts from Nanoscience
: Probing Friction and Rheology on the Nanometer
Scale, Eds. E. Meyer, T. Gyalog, R. M. Overney, K. Dransfeld, World
Scientific Publishers, 1999.
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Intermolecular
Interactions of Polymers :
· structure of polymers at
surfaces : effect of grafting density (e.g. brushes, mushrooms), effect of
grafting type (e.g. physisorbed, chemisorbed, telechelic)
· segment density versus
distance plots (simulations)
· Alexander-de Gennes theory
· effect of temperature
(relative to q-temperature) on force versus
distance profiles
· comparison to experiment (e.g.
PS, PEO, polyelectrolytes)
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· TBA
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Dynamic
Force Spectroscopy : Nanorheology, Nanoconfinement, and Force Modulation :
· theoretical background,
comparison with experimental data (e.g. polymer brushes)
· lubrication (e.g. disk drives)
· force modulation mapping (e.g.
composites, polymer blends, biological materials)
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· TBA
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Directed
Motion of Biological Structures : Molecular Motors :
· general overview : chemical, mechanical,
and electrical
· Brownian Motion
· why are they needed?
·force velocity measurements
·kinesin-microtubule (*movie)
·acto-myosin
·DNA transcription by RNA
polymerase
·bacterial flagella
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· TBA
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Atomistic
Aspects of Fracture :
· summary of relevant length
scales in fracture mechanics
· derivation of theoretical
cleavage stress and comparison with experimental data
· molecular dynamics simulations
(movies)
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· TBA
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