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@ACS FAQ on MIME stuff
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<CENTER><H1>Athena Mail/MIME FAQ</H1></CENTER>

<hr>

<BLOCKQUOTE>
<IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5 >
<A HREF="#whatMIME">What is MIME?</A>
<BR><IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5>
<A HREF="#what_progs">What Athena mail programs (a.k.a. Mail User Agents or MUAs) support MIME attachments?</A>
<BR><IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5>
<A HREF="#nmh">How does MIME support work on Athena?</A>
<BR><IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5>
<A HREF="#customize">Can I customize or disable the MIME display behavior?</A>
<BR><IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5>
<A HREF="#sending">How do I send a MIME attachment?</A>
<BR><IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5>
<A HREF="#reverse_old_mime">I set up my account previously to use the
mime locker, should I change anything?</A>
</BLOCKQUOTE>

<HR>
<H2><A NAME="whatMIME">What is MIME?</A></H2>
MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. MIME is 
an encoding method designed for exchanging binary files over the 
internet (particularly via email messages) in a standardized, 
platform-independent form using a coding scheme called base64.  A MIME-encoded
message can contain several parts, each of which can be a different type 
of file: ASCII text, pictures, video, sound, or any other type of binary data. 
<BR>
<A HREF="#top">Top</A>
<HR>
<H2><A NAME="what_progs">What mail programs (a.k.a. Mail User Agents or
MUAs) on Athena support MIME attachments?</A></H2>

<ul>
<li>
<A HREF="#nmh">nmh</A> - the standard mail system on
Athena (<EM>inc, show,</EM> etc.)
<li>
<A HREF="#exmh">exmh</A> - a graphical interface to 
<EM>mh</EM> 
<li>
<A HREF="#netscape">Netscape mail</A> 
</ul>

For general information about Athena supported mail handlers see:
<a href="http://web.mit.edu/olh/Email/index.html">
Electronic Mail on Athena (AC-31)</a>

<BR>
<A HREF="#top">Top</A>
<HR>

<H2><A NAME="nmh">How does MIME support work on the standard
Athena mail system?</A></H2>

Beginning with the summer 1999 release of Athena 8.3, the standard
Athena mail system (<em>inc, show</em>, etc.) is configured to handle
MIME attachments automatically.  (The MH suite has been upgraded
to nmh or "new MH" which continues to use the same basic commands
such as <em>inc, show</em>, etc.; major differences in behavior are
explained in the <a
href="http://web.mit.edu/olh/Release/8.3/#software">Athena 8.3 Release
Notes</a>.)

<p>

When you <em>show</em> a message with a MIME attachment, you will
usually see something like this:

<pre>
  Hi Fred, here's the latest revision to Chapter 6.

  part 2     application/octet-stream  149K
  <strong>Press return to view PDF document, Type Control-C to cancel </strong>
</pre>

If you press the <code>Return</code> key, the attachment will be opened
in an appropriate viewing application (in this case, the Adobe Acrobat
reader).  If you type <code>Control-C</code>, the attachment will be
skipped, and the rest of the message will be shown.  

<p>

<strong>Note:</strong> Earlier Athena releases included MIME support
for MH, but some user configuration was required to open attachments
automatically.  If you previously set up your account to use the scripts
in the mime locker, you should now <a href="#reverse_old_mime">revert
those changes</a> to make sure you're getting all of the current
defaults.

<H3><a name="default">Default MIME handling</a></H3>
The <em>show</em> command is now configured to handle MIME attachments
as follows:

<ul>
  <li> If a message contains an Microsoft Word file, it will be
       shown as plain text.  (If you would prefer to view them in Frame
       or in a Web browser, see the section on <a
       href="#customize">customizations</a>.) 
  <li> In general, if a message contains an attachment with a recognized
       file format, you will get a prompt indicating the type of file and
       asking whether you wish to view it.  If you agree, the attachment
       will be opened in an appropriate application (e.g., Acrobat
       Reader for PDF, xv for images).
  <li> If a message contains an attachment which is not recognized or
       for which an appropriate "viewer" application is not configured,
       you will get see a message to that effect, possibly indicating
       the file type.  You may use the <em>mhstore</em> command to
       <a href="#extract">extract the attachment</a>.
</ul>       

<H3><a name="extract">Dealing  with attachments manually</a></H3>
<p>
If the file type of the attachment is not recognized or nmh
is not configured to display it automatically, you can save the file as
explained below and try to find an application with which to view it
(either on Athena or on a Mac or PC).  Before putting too much effort
into this, it's a good idea to ask the sender what type of file it is
(including the version number of the application used to create it), and
whether the sender can make it available in another format if you don't
have access to an application that can open the original.

<h4>Step 1: Extract the attachment</h4>

When you try to <em>show</em> the file, you will see something like
this:

<pre>
  Here it is...make sure the speakers are ON but
  the volume is very, very low

  part 2     application/zip           557K
<strong>
  Unknown content type application/zip 
  Use mhstore to store this data to disk. 
</strong>
</pre>

If you just type <code>mhstore</code>, it will save each part of the
current message, with a filename of the form <em>message#.part#.ext</em>
(by default, to the current directory).  The message text is usually the
first part, and each attachment is an additional part.  For example:

<pre>
  athena% mhstore
  storing message 3 part 1 as file 3.1.txt
  storing message 3 part 2 as file 3.2.zip
</pre>

To save only the attachment, you must specify its part number:

<pre>
  athena% mhstore -part 2
  storing message 3 part 2 as file 3.2.zip
</pre>

If you don't have the part number handy from the earlier <em>show</em>
command, you can see a list of all the parts by using the
<em>mhlist</em> command:

<pre>
  athena% mhlist
   msg part  type/subtype              size description                        
     3       multipart/mixed           753K
       1     text/plain                 141
       2     application/zip           557K
</pre>



Notes on using <code>mhstore</code>:

<ul>
  <li> Like most MH commands, <code>mhstore</code> and
       <code>mhlist</code> default to the 
       current message; to specify a different one, simply add the
       message number before any other options.  For example, to
       specify message 4 rather than the current message:
<pre>
  athena% mhlist 4

  athena% mhstore 4 -part 3
</pre>

  <li> If a file of the same name already exists, <code>mhstore</code>
       will save over it without warning.

  <li> To give the saved attachment its original filename
       rather than a name based on the message and part nos., try the
       <code>-auto</code> option.  For example:

<pre>
  athena% mhstore -part 2 -auto
  storing message part 2 as file HoHoHo.zip
</pre>

       (How well this works depends on how
       the header was constructed by the sender's mail program, and on
       whether the filename starts with any unusual characters.)
              
  <li> <code>mhstore</code> saves to your current working directory
       unless you have a directory for "nmh-storage" defined in your
       <code>~/.mh_profile</code>.  For example, if you always want to
       save parts to the /tmp directory you would use the line:
<pre>
  nmh-storage: /tmp
</pre>

       Note that this may not work for parts saved with the
       <code>-auto</code> switch.
</ul>

<h4>Step 2: Identify the file type</h4>
If the file type isn't clear, you can use the <em>file</em> command to
try and identify it:

<pre>
     athena% file <em>filename</em>
</pre>

or the SIPB version, which may recognize other file formats:

<pre>
    athena% dd sipb
    athena% /mit/sipb/bin/file <em>filename</em>
</pre>

If this doesn't tell you anything useful, look carefully at the
<em>show</em> prompt again for hints.  For example:

<pre>
     athena% show
     part 1     application/octet-stream   13K
<strong>
     Unknown content type application/excel 
     Use mhstore to store this data to disk. 
</strong>
</pre>

(although the part description "application/octet-stream" doesn't
help, from the next line it appears that the filetype is Excel).
<p>
Finally, you can run <em>mhstore -auto</em> to try and save the
attachment with its original filename to see if the name or extension
tells you anything: 

<pre>
     athena% mhstore -auto
     storing message 14 part 1 as file nonsense.xls
</pre>

<h4>Step 3: Find an application for viewing the file</h4>

Once you've determined the file type, you can try and find an
application on Athena able to open it.  Some common cases:

<p>
<strong>MSOffice files</strong>:

<ul>
  <li> Word files can be generally be opened in FrameMaker on Athena,
       although FrameMaker will not always have filters capable of opening the
       newest Word versions.  Alternately, you can ask the sender to use Word's
       "Save As"
       feature to save the file as tex-only (or in the format of an
       older Word version which Frame supports), or try to find a Mac or
       PC in your department with the same version of Word, another word
       processor that can read it, or a file
       translation program.
  <li>Excel files can generally be opened in Xess on Athena (try File-->Open,
       and select "XLS" under File Format), although it
       may not be able to handle newer Excel versions.  Alternately, you can ask the sender to use Word's
       "Save As"
       feature to save the file as tab-delimited text (or in the format of an
       older Excel version which Xess supports), or try to find a Mac or
       PC in your department with the same version of Excel, another
       spreadsheet program that can read it, or a file
       translation program.
  <li>At this writing, PowerPoint slides cannot be read directly on
       Athena.  Your options are either to find a Mac or PC with
       PowerPoint installed, or to ask the sender to convert the slides to
       HTML, images, PDF, or some other format for you.
</ul>

<p>
<a name="uuencoded"><strong>uuencoded files</strong>:</a>
<p>
If a message appears to contain a uuencoded file, you can decode it as
follows:

<pre>
     athena% show | uudecode
</pre>

(The file will be decoded to its original name in the current
directory.)

<p>
<a name="binhex"><strong>BinHex files</strong>:</a>
<p>
If the attachment is a BinHex file (an encoding type often used on Mac
files), you can decode it as follows:

<pre>
     athena% add consult
     athena% xbin <EM>filename</EM>
</pre>
This will silently unravel the BinHex file and leave three additional files.
The file with the extension .data is the file with the MIME content, the 
others can be discarded.
<pre>
     athena% /mit/sipb/bin/file <em>testfile.*</em>
</pre>
will return the following:
<pre>
     testfile.data: Microsoft Word 6.0 Document
     testfile.doc:  BinHex binary text, version 4.0
     testfile.info: data
     testfile.rsrc: data
</pre>


<HR>

<EM><STRONG><A NAME="exmh">exmh</A></STRONG></EM>
<P>
<EM>exmh</EM> is graphical interface to MH which is configured to handle MIME
messages.  (Note: this program is maintained by the SIPB, not IS.  It
is based on MH, and there are no general problems going back and forth
between the two.  There is a known problem handling mail from exmh
when an account goes over quota.)
</P>
To run exmh from an Athena workstation:
<pre>
     athena% add sipb
     athena% exmh &
</pre>
The non-text parts of a MIME message are labelled separately;
pressing the right mouse button over each label brings up a menu
of options for saving or otherwise handling that part.
<P>
<STRONG>Documentation on <EM>exmh</EM></STRONG> 	
</P>
<P>
athena% man exmh <BR>
online help within exmh<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.beedub.com/exmh/">Manual and extensive FAQ.</A><BR>
</P>
<A HREF="#top">Top</A>
<HR>

<H2><A NAME="netscape">Netscape mail</A></H2>
Netscape mail is designed to handle MIME mail in much the same way it handles
HTML files: selecting a component will either bring up an appropriate helper 
application or present you with the option of saving the file.  However, 
Netscape stores mail in a format that is incompatible with MH-based inbox; 
once read in Netscape, a mail message will not be visible from the
other readers. 
<P>
For information on configuring your Athena account to use Netscape mail,
see Athena Consulting's 
<A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/answers/mail/mail_netscape.html">stock
answer on how to use Netscape Mail</A>.
</P>
<A HREF="#top">Top</A>

<HR>
<H2><A NAME="customize">Can I customize or disable the MIME display
behavior?</A></H2>

There are several customizations you can make with environment
variables:

<p>
<table border=1>
<tr><th align=left>variable</th><th align=left>customization</th></tr>
<tr valign=top>
<td>MU_HTML html</td>
<td>display HTML mail in a web browser</td>
</tr>
<tr valign=top>
<td>MU_MSWORD frame</td>
<td>display Word documents in FrameMaker (rather than as text)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign=top>
<td>MU_MSWORD html</td>
<td>display Word Documents as HTML in a web browser (it will
     fall back to Frame in the case of Word 6 or Word 7 files, which
     can't currently display as html)  
</tr>
<tr valign=top>
<td>MU_AUDIO no</td>
<td>prevent any playing of audio attachments</td>
</tr>
<tr valign=top>
<td>NOMHNPROC</td>
<td>disable automatic display of MIME attachments (if you set this,
you can still manually
    invoke MIME display by using <em>mhshow</em> instead of <em>show</em>)</td>
</tr>
</table>

<p>

To make one of these changes the behavior, use the <em>setenv</em>
command with the corresponding variable above.  For example:

<pre>
     athena% setenv MU_MSWORD frame
</pre>

would cause Word docs to be opened in FrameMaker, while

<pre>
     athena% setenv NOMHNPROC   
</pre>

will disable automatic MIME display.

<p>

If you want to make a customization permanent, add the <em>setenv</em>
line to your <code>~/.environment</code> file and it will take effect at
your next login.  (For general information about environment variables
and customizing your Athena account, see the IS Publication <a href="http://web.mit.edu/olh/Dotfiles/index.html">Working with Configuration Files ("Dotfiles") </a>.)
<p>
<A HREF="#top">Top</A>
<HR>
<H2><A NAME="sending">How do I Send Mail with MIME Attachments?</A></H2>
<A HREF="#exmh"><EM>Exmh</EM></A> handles attachment sending automatically, 
but if you don't want to switch from MH you can still send MIME
attachments manually.
<P>
First, use a text editor to write a message to accompany the
encoded file.  Then at the Athena prompt do:
<pre>
     athena% add graphics
     athena% mpack -m 0 -d <em>messagefile</em> <em>file-to-encode</em> <em>recipient-address</em>
</pre> 
(Setting the "-m" option to zero means that there is no limit to 
size of the generated message).
You will be prompted only for the Subject before the mail is sent. For
example:
<pre> 
     athena% mpack -m 0 -d /tmp/msg /tmp/HoHoHo.zip ajfox
     Subject: Claus test
</pre> 
Note: the -m flag can be used to split the file into several
separate messages of a specified maximum size.  See the man page
for more details.<P>
<A HREF="#top">Top</A>


<HR>
<h2><a name="reverse_old_mime">I set up my account previously to use the
mime locker, should I change anything?</a></h2>
If you previously set up your account to use the scripts in the mime
locker, you should now remove those lines from your
<code>~/.environment</code> files: 

<pre>
     add mime
     source /mit/mime/share/setup.csh
</pre>

or if you are a bash user, remove from your <code>~/.profile</code>:

<pre>
     add mime
     . /mit/mime/share/setup.sh
</pre>

<P>
<A HREF="#top">Top</A>
<HR>
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@
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<th align=left>variable</th><th align=left>customization</th>
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line to your <code>~/.environment</em> file and it will take effect at
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@
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<CENTER><H2>Athena Mail/MIME FAQ</H2></CENTER>
a15 9

<strong>Note: beginning with the summer 1999 Athena 8.3 release, the
standard Athena mail command "show" will display most MIME attachments
automatically.</strong> That is, it will no longer be necessary to
follow the MH configuration isntructions below.  This document will be
revised to reflect this new behavior and other changes; in the meantime,
feel free to <A HREF="mailto:f_l@@mit.edu">contact us</A> if you have any
questions.</strong>

d21 1
a21 2
<BR>
<IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5>
d23 9
a31 12
<BR><IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5 >
<A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/mime/htdocs/types.html">What types of attachment content types are supported under Athena?</A>
<BR><IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5 >
<A HREF="#what_is_it">Once I've extracted the attachment, how can I tell what application to use to open it?</A>
<BR><IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5 >
<A HREF="#mac">What do I do if the attachment came from a Macintosh in BinHex format?</A><BR>
<IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5 >
<A HREF="#mime_in_mh">How do I read a MIME message using MH?</A><BR>
<IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5 >
<A HREF="#autoMIME">How do I configure MIME support into MH?</A><BR>
<IMG SRC="reddot.gif" ALT="*" HEIGHT=5 WIDTH=5 >
<A HREF="#sending">How do I send a MIME attachment?</A><BR>
d33 1
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a35 1
<H4><A NAME="whatMIME">What is MIME?</A></H4>
d45 14
a58 14
<H4><A NAME="what_progs">What Athena mail programs (a.k.a. Mail User Agents or MUAs) support MIME attachments?</A></H4>
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<A HREF="#mime_in_mh"><STRONG>mh</STRONG></A> - the standard mail program (<EM>inc, show,</EM> etc.) Uses <EM>mhn.</EM> See the <EM>mhn</EM> man page.<BR>
<BR>
<STRONG><A HREF="#exmh">exmh</A></STRONG> - a graphical interface to 
<EM>mh</EM> which uses <EM>metamail</EM> for MIME support.  <EM>exmh</EM> 
is maintained by SIPB.  
<A HREF="http://www.beedub.com/exmh">
General information</A>and <A HREF="http://www.beedub.com/exmh/exmh.n.html">
man pages</A> are available.<BR>
<BR>
<STRONG><A HREF="#netscape">Netscape Mail</A></STRONG> <BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
d62 1
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d70 8
a77 1
<H4><A NAME="mime_in_mh">How do I read a MIME message using MH?</A></H4>
a78 5
There are two ways you can detach a MIME attachment using MH.  One is to
manually issue the metamail commands as shown immediately below and the other is to configure
your Athena environment so that MH will <A HREF="#autoMIME">automatically</A> deal with MIME
attachments. (Please note that the automatic configuration is still being 
tested.)
a79 15
<H4>To DECODE a MIME encoded message using the standard mail program MH:</H4>
<BLOCKQUOTE> 
add -f mime<BR>
show ## | metamail -w
</BLOCKQUOTE> 
where ## is the message number. You can leave out the number if it is
the current message you are reading.<BR>
<A HREF="#top">Top</A>
<STRONG><A NAME="autoMIME">
<P>
Configure MIME to work automatically in MH</A></STRONG><BR>
</P>
<P>
<STRONG>Note:</STRONG> This is still being tested and is not yet the recommended standard. 
<EM>Please report any bugs or problems to <A HREF="mailto:bugs@@mit.edu">bugs@@mit.edu</A>.</EM>
d81 2
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<ol>
<li>Add the <tt>mime</tt> locker as part of your default environment, e.g. by
inserting <tt>"add mime"</tt> in
your <tt>~/.environment</tt> file.
<br>See
<a href="http://web.mit.edu/olh/Dotfiles/index.html">
Customizing Your Athena Session ("Dotfiles") (AC-16)</a> for more details
about this.
<li>If your shell is <tt>csh</tt> or <tt>tcsh</tt> (the default), add
this line to your <tt>~/.environment</tt> file:<br>
<tt>source /mit/mime/share/setup.csh</tt>
<li>If you use the Bourne shell (<tt>/bin/sh</tt>) or a derivative like <tt>bash</tt>, add
this line to your <tt>~/.profile</tt>:<br>
<tt>. /mit/mime/share/setup.sh</tt>
</ol>
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a336 11
The next time you login, your environment will be set up to use MIME. For 
example, if you read a message that has a MS Word document attached, MH will
print out the header info and mail message and then tell you to 
</P>
<P>
<EM>Press &lt;return&gt; to show content...</EM>
</P>
<P>
MH will then automatically open Framemaker to view the document.
</P>
<A HREF="#top">Top</A>
d348 4
a351 4
<BLOCKQUOTE>
add sipb<BR>
exmh &<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
d366 1
a366 1
<H4><A NAME="netscape">Netscape mail</A></H4>
d374 4
a377 1
For information on configuring your Athena account to use Netscape mail, see:
a378 3
<P>
<A HREF="http://consult.mit.edu/stock_answers/mail/mail_netscape.html">http://consult.mit.edu/stock_answers/mail/mail_netscape.html</A>
</P>
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<H4><A NAME="what_is_it">Once I've extracted the attachment, how can I tell what application to use to open it?</A></H4>
<P>
Now you that you have the file unraveled from the email what do you do 
with it?  It's not always easy to tell what type of file the attachment is.  One tool that can help is the special <EM>file</EM><A NAME="file"></A> command found in the SIPB locker.  From the <EM>athena%</EM> prompt: 
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE >
add sipb<BR>
/mit/sipb/bin/file <EM>filename</EM><BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
This command can identify many different file types including different 
graphics formats.  Once you know what type of file it is you can find
an application to open it in.  An MS Word document, for example, could be
read on Athena using <A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/frame/www/home.html">Framemaker</A>.
<A HREF="#top">Top</A>
<HR>
<H4><A NAME="mac">What do I do if the attachment came from a Macintosh?</A></H4>
If the <A HREF="#file"><EM>file</EM></A> command above identifies the file as a BinHex binary then
you have one more step to take.  BinHex is a MAC encoding format and it
indicates that there is one more level of decoding that needs to be done:
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
add consult<BR>
xbin <EM>filename</EM><BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
This will silently unravel the BinHex file and leave three additional files.
The file with the extension .data is the file with the MIME content, the 
others can be discarded.
<BLOCKQUOTE>
/mit/sipb/bin/file testfile.*<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
will return the following:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
testfile.data: Microsoft Word 6.0 Document<BR>
testfile.doc:  BinHex binary text, version 4.0<BR>
testfile.info: data<BR>
testfile.rsrc: data<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
You could then open the testfile.data file in Framemaker which can convert MS
Word documents.<BR>
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<H4><A NAME="sending">Sending Mail with MIME Attachments</A></H4>
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but if you don't want to switch from MH you can still send MIME attachments.
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<BLOCKQUOTE> 
     add graphics<BR>
     mpack -m 0 -d &lt;messagefile&gt; &lt;file-to-encode&gt; &lt;recipient-address&gt;
</BLOCKQUOTE> 
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<BLOCKQUOTE> 
   mpack -m 0 -d /tmp/msg /tmp/HoHoHo.zip ajfox<BR>
   Subject: Claus test
</BLOCKQUOTE> 
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for more details.<BR>
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<CENTER>This page last modified on 4/1/98.<BR>
  Comments to <A HREF="mailto:f_l@@mit.edu">f_l@@mit.edu</A><BR>
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</CENTER>
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