A bend (Figure 105) is characterized by head
losses
of the form:
![]() |
(34) |
where is a head loss coefficient depending on the bend angle
and the ratio of the bend radius to the pipe diameter
,
is the mass flow, g is the gravity acceleration and
is the
liquid density.
is the cross section of the pipe. Values for
can be found in file ``liquidpipe.f''.
The following constants have to be specified on the line beneath the *FLUID SECTION, TYPE=PIPE BEND card:
denotes the roughness of the pipe:
applies to an extremely
smooth pipe surface,
to a very rough surface. The gravity acceleration must be specified by a gravity type
*DLOAD card defined for the elements at stake. The material
characteristic
can be defined by a
*DENSITY
card.
Example files: centheat1, pipe.