1: What do these mean: C-h, M-C-a, RET, "ESC a", etc.? C-x means press the `x' key while holding down the Control key. M-x means press the `x' key while holding down the Meta key. M-C-x means press the `x' key while holding down both the Control key and the Meta key. C-M-a is a synonym for M-C-a. RET, LFD, DEL, ESC, and TAB respectively refer to pressing the Return, Linefeed (aka Newline), Delete, Escape, and Tab keys and are equivalent to C-m, C-j, C-?, C-[, and C-i. SPC means press the Space bar. I put any key sequence that is longer than one key (and some single-key sequences) inside double quotes or on a line by itself. Any real spaces in such a key sequence should be ignored; only SPC really means press the space key. The ASCII code sent by C-x (except for C-?) is the value that would be sent by pressing just `x' minus 96 (or 64 for uppercase `X') and will be from 0 to 31. The ASCII code sent by M-x is the sum of 128 and the ASCII code that would be sent by pressing just the `x' key. Essentially, the Control key turns off bits 5 and 6 and the Meta key turns on bit 7. For further information, see `Characters' and `Keys' in the online manual. NOTE: C-? (aka DEL) is ASCII code 127. It is a misnomer to call C-? a "control" key, since 127 has both bits 5 and 6 turned ON. Also, on very few keyboards does Control-? generate ASCII code 127.