Footnotes
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Director, International
Scientific Networks Project, Policy Science Center 127
Wall St., Room 314, New Haven, CT. 06520. lloyd.etheredge@yale.edu
Internet). Paper prepared for a panel sponsored by the
Communications Forum at MIT and the Markle Foundation.
Cambridge, MA, May 10, 1997. back
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| 2.
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And he had a secret edge - at least in
the eight years I knew him as a member of the MIT
faculty, Ithiel was blessed with the most remarkably
efficient secretarial staffs I have ever seen in
universities. back
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| 3.
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Deutsch, Karl W., Platt, J. &
Senghaas, D., "Conditions Favoring Major Advances in
Social Science." Science, 171 (1971): 450 -
459. back
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| 4.
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Pool, Ithiel de Sola, "The Kaiser,
the Tsar, and the Computer: Information Processing in a
Crisis." American Behavioral Scientist 8, no. 9
(May, 1965): 31-39; Abelson, Robert; Pool, Ithiel de
Sola; Popkin, Samuel, Candidates, Issues, and Strategies:
A Computer Simulation of the 1960 and 1964 Elections.
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965). back
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| 5.
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Kochen, Manfred, (Ed.), The Small World:
A Volume of Recent Research Commemorating Ithiel de Sola
Pool, Stanley Milgram, and Theodore Newcomb. (Norwood,
NJ: Ablex Publishing Company, 1989.) back
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| 6.
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Harvard University Press, 1983;
Etheredge, Lloyd S. (Ed.), Politics in Wired Nations:
Selected Papers of Ithiel de Sola Pool. (New Brunswick,
NJ: Transaction Books, in press). back
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| 7.
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http://www.gbn.org/BookClub/Technologies.html-
review for the GBN Book Club, August, 1989. back
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| 8.
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In Aida (Ed.), op. cit. back
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| 9.
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The URL is http://info.med.yale.edu/EIINet.
The subject concerns emerging infectious diseases, a
problem that has both scientific and organizational
challenges. An early source of inspiration was Ithiel
Pool's work concerning the potential contribution of
satellite technology to the creative process in
international agricultural research. See, for example,
Pool, Ithiel de Sola and Corte, A. B. "International
Data Communication Capabilities and Information
Revolution." Proceedings of the American Society for
Information Science 12 (1975): 1-2; Pool, Ithiel de Sola,
Freedman, Elliott H., and Warren, Colin John, "Low
Cost Data and Text Communication for the Less Developed
Countries: A Study With Special Reference to the Needs of
the International Agricultural Research Centers." A
study completed for the US Agency for International
Development. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Research Program on
Communications Policy and others, 1976). back
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Once a lecture series is organized, the
added cost to Yale to make it available globally also is
remarkably small: after a lecture is recorded by
conventional means, it requires about 1.5 hours of a
technician's time to digitize one hour of audio, and
about 0.5 hours to digitize 20-30 slides, at $65/hour
(Yale Medical School rates). back
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| 11.
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Pool, Ithiel de Sola, "The Art of
the Social Science Soothsayer" in Nazli Choucri and
Thomas W. Robinson (Eds.), Forecasting in International
Relations: Theory, Methods, Problems, Prospects (San
Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1978), pp. 23 - 34. back
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| 12.
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E.g., Pool, Ithiel de Sola,
"Political Communication" in David Sills (Ed.),
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Vol. 3
(New York: Macmillan-Free Press, 1968), pp. 90-96. back
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| 13.
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Bauer, Raymond; Pool, Ithiel de Sola;
Dexter, Lewis A., American Business and Public Policy:
The Politics of Foreign Trade. (New York: Atherton Press
of Prentice-Hall, 1963). back
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| 14.
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Pool, Ithiel de Sola; Schramm, Wilbur;
with others, (Eds.) Handbook of Communication. (Chicago:
IL: Rand McNally, 1973). back
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| 15.
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Pool, Ithiel de Sola; Inose, H.;
Takasaki, N.; Hurwitz, R., Communication Flows: A Census
in the United States and Japan. (Tokyo: University of
Tokyo Press, 1984). back
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| 16.
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E.g., Etheredge, Lloyd S., Can
Governments Learn? American Foreign Policy and Central
American Revolutions (NY: Pergamon Press, 1984); idem.,
"Government Learning: An Overview" in Samuel
Long (Ed.), Handbook of Political Behavior, vol, 2 (NY:
Plenum Press, 1981), pp. 73 - 181. back
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| 17.
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While the World Bank has not made a
formal announcement, I met earlier this month with Ismail
Serageldin, Vice President for Sustainable Development.
He has agreed to begin a global Internet colloquium to
accelerate agricultural research (including
biotechnology). Especially, I want to mention his
decision at this forum because the groundwork for it
reflects inspiration from the work of Ithiel and his
associates. back
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| 18.
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The Clash of Civilizations and the
Remaking of World Order. (New York: Simon and Schuster,
1996). back
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| 19.
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Operational Code of the Politburo (NY:
McGraw-Hill, 1951) and Study of Bolshevism (Glencoe, IL:
Free Press, 1953). back
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| 20.
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Pool, Ithiel de Sola, "Trends in
Content Analysis Today: A Summary" in Ithiel de Sola
Pool, (Ed.), Trends in Content Analysis; Papers. Chapter
7, 189-233. (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press,
1959), p. 233. back
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| 21.
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Just to suggest a couple of elements:
Baywatch is the most popular television series in the
world and this (coupled with the prominence of X-rated
Web sites) suggests a cross-cultural universal (one of
the questions that engage social scientists). And Aladdin
was a charming Islamic folktale until it was transformed
by Hollywood and the Disney Studios into a planetary
mega-hit. Not all interactions among cultures are
clashes, in other words. Although even if Huntington is
wrong generally, he may be right about the simple
dramatic stories of zero-sum clashes that power-oriented
national security elites begin to tell one another - and,
if so, it may be especially important to have a more
complex and refined picture, with an empirical base,
available as a counterweight. back
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| 22.
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Also, Ithiel would not be doing
experimental studies involving undergraduates. He worked
with distinguished scientists, like Robert Abelson, who
used much of their professional lives to build what they
viewed as the foundation of social science by careful
experimental studies. Ithiel, by contrast, viewed the
real world and the laboratory as two distinct social
contexts. He always was delighted by happy convergences
of results between the two settings, but in his view you
would never really know what was happening in the real
world unless you studied behavior in the real world. For
him, field work was the priority. back
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| 23.
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Pool, Ithiel de Sola, "The Public
and the Polity" in Ithiel de Sola Pool (Ed.),
Contemporary Political Science: Toward Empirical Theory.
(NY: McGraw-Hill, 1967), pp. 22 - 52, pp. 23 -24. back
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| 24.
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E.g., Lloyd Etheredge, "Commentary:
The Scientific Scandal of the 1980s" Political
Psychology, 15:3 (1994), pp. 531 - 539 and "Problems
of Scientific Integrity that Affect Unfunded
Research." Testimony to the US Commission on
Research Integrity, April 10, 1995. Harvard Medical
School. Boston, MA. Xerox. back
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| 25.
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E.g., Pool, Ithiel de Sola, "Human
Subjects Regulations on the Social Sciences." Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences 403 (26 May
1981)" 101-110. back
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| 26.
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Letter from on behalf of Norman
Augustine from Angela Phillips Diaz, Executive Secretary,
October 26, 1995. Three votes on PCAST are by members of
the MIT faculty: President Charles Vest, and Profs. Mario
Molina and Philip Sharp. back
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| 27.
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I.e., reducing dependency and increasing
achievement motivation by cutting back the size and
subjective prominence of government, a backward linkage
between events in the public sphere and individual
personality that is not measured by standard
macroeconomic models that deny hierarchical group
psychology and assume autonomous individuals with fixed
motivation. See Etheredge, Lloyd S., "President
Reagan's Counseling," Political Psychology, 5:4
(1984), pp. 737 - 740. back
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| 28.
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Pool, Ithiel de Sola; Shulman, Irwin,
"Newsmen's Fantasies, Audiences and
Newswriting." Public Opinion Quarterly 23, no. 2
(Summer, 1959): 145-158. back
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| 29.
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Speier, Hans et al., "A Plan . .
.", op. cit. back
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| 30.
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E.g., Pool, Ithiel de Sola
"Approaches to Intelligence and Social Science"
in Robert Pfaltzgraff Jr. et al. (Eds.), Intelligence
Policy and the National Security (Hamden, CT: Archon
Press, 1981), chapter 3. back
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| 31.
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Pool, Ithiel de Sola, "The
International System in the Next Half Century" in
Daniel Bell (Ed.), Toward the Year 2000: Work in Progress
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1968), pp. 318 - 323.
Originally published in Daedalus, vol. 96. (1967): 930 -
935. See also his "The Changing Soviet Union: The
Mass Media as Catalyst" excerpted in Current 67
(January 1966): 12 - 17. back |