VOLCANOES




Although the Galapagos Islands are volcanic in origin, they are not part of the Ring of Fire and they were never part of mainland Ecuador. The islands formed from the collision of the Cocos and Nazca tectonic plates, which move southeast five centimeters a year. The islands have shield volcanoes, which form basalt lava and sometimes are marked by calderas. Historically recorded are fifty-three eruptions in only eight volcanoes, which puts the Galapagos Islands in the top the regions for volcanic activity. In the ocean, The Carnegie Ridge mountain range separates the Galapagos Islands from the mainland. The ridge is believed to be once above sea level which would explain how animals and plants reached the islands.




Volcano

Island

Height

Location

La Cumbre

Fernandina

1463m

0.37 S 91.55 W

Santo Tomas

Isabela

1490m

0.83 S 91.17 W


Volcán Ecuador

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Straddles the equator at the NW end of Isabela Island

Along Coast, two large pyroclastic cones

In caldera, chains of spatter cones and small scoria cones

A single a'a' lava flow covers half of caldera floor

Extending E side, is a line of NE-trending fissure-fed vents (connect Volcán Ecuador with Volcán Wolf0

Volcano Number:

1503-011

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Holocene

Last Known Eruption:

Unknown

Summit Elevation:

790+ m

2,592 feet

Latitude:

0.02°S

0°1'0"S

Longitude:

91.546°W

91°32'45"W


Fernandina

Country:

Ecuador

Most active Galápagos volcano

Closest one to Galápagos mantle plume

Caldera formed by several episodes of collapse

Collapse during 1988 eruption caused debris avalanche that absorbed the caldera lake.

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-01=

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Historical

Last Known Eruption:

1995

Summit Elevation:

1476 m

4,842 feet

Latitude:

0.37°S

0°22'0"S

Longitude:

91.55°W

91°33'0"W


Wolf

Country:

Ecuador

Highest Galapagos volcano, 1710 m

Straddles the equator

Has first documented Galapagos eruption

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-02=

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Historical

Last Known Eruption:

1982

Summit Elevation:

1710 m

5,610 feet

Latitude:

0.02°N

0°1'0"N

Longitude:

91.35°W

91°21'0"W


Darwin

Country:

Ecuador

Radial fissures along flanks

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-03=

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Holocene

Last Known Eruption:

1813

Summit Elevation:

1330 m

4,363 feet

Latitude:

0.18°S

0°11'0"S

Longitude:

91.28°W

91°17'0"W


Alcedo

Country:

Ecuador

Flanks and caldera vegetated

Only Galapagos volcano that has erupted rhyolite AND basalt

Partial moat around caldera floor

Active hydrothermal system in caldera


Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-04=

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Historical

Last Known Eruption:

1993

Summit Elevation:

1130 m

3,707 feet

Latitude:

0.43°S

0°26'0"S

Longitude:

91.12°W

91°7'0"W


Sierra Negra

Country:

Ecuador

Contains largest Galapagos caldera (7x10.5km)

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-05=

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Historical

Last Known Eruption:

1980

Summit Elevation:

1490 m

4,888 feet

Latitude:

0.83°S

0°50'0"S

Longitude:

91.17°W

91°10'0"W


Azul Cerro

Country:

Ecuador

Contains deepest Galapagos caldera (650m)

2nd highest Galapagos Volcano (1640m)

Episodic hydrovolcanism

Solfataric activity within caldera

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-06=

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Historical

Last Known Eruption:

1998

Summit Elevation:

1640 m

5,381 feet

Latitude:

0.90°S

0°54'0"S

Longitude:

91.42°W

91°25'0"W


Pinta

Country:

Ecuador

Northenmost active Galapagos volcano's

Lacks caldera

Unvegetated lava flows

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-07=

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Historical

Last Known Eruption:

1928

Summit Elevation:

780 m

2,559 feet

Latitude:

0.58°N

0°35'0"N

Longitude:

90.75°W

90°45'0"W


Genovesa

Country:

Ecuador

Only 64m high

Known for Basaltic rocks with coarse plagioclases

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-081

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Holocene

Last Known Eruption:

Unknown

Summit Elevation:

64 m

210 feet

Latitude:

0.32°N

0°19'0"N

Longitude:

89.958°W

89°57'30"W


Marchena

Country:

Ecuador

Large caldera buried by pyroclastic cones and lava flows

Lava flows filled caldera and flowed to sea

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-08=

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Historical

Last Known Eruption:

1991

Summit Elevation:

343 m

1,125 feet

Latitude:

0.33°N

0°20'0"N

Longitude:

90.47°W

90°28'0"W


Santa Cruz

Country:

Ecuador

Cinder cones with craters bury caldera

NE side has submarine lava flows

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-091

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Holocene

Last Known Eruption:

Unknown

Summit Elevation:

864 m

2,835 feet

Latitude:

0.62°S

0°37'0"S

Longitude:

90.33°W

90°20'0"W


Santiago

Country:

Ecuador

Peppered with Holocene pyroclastic cones

Panhoehoe lava flows at James and Sullivan bays

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-09=

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Historical

Last Known Eruption:

1906

Summit Elevation:

920 m

3,018 feet

Latitude:

0.22°S

0°13'0"S

Longitude:

90.77°W

90°46'0"W


Floreana

Country:

Ecuador

Covered with cinder cones

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-10=

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Holocene

Last Known Eruption:

Unknown

Summit Elevation:

640 m

2,100 feet

Latitude:

1.30°S

1°18'0"S

Longitude:

90.45°W

90°27'0"W


San Cristobal

Country:

Ecuador

Resembles Hawaiian shield volcano

Younger lava flows formed littoral cones

Subregion Name:

Galápagos Islands

Volcano Number:

1503-12-

Volcano Type:

Shield volcano

Volcano Status:

Holocene

Last Known Eruption:

Unknown

Summit Elevation:

759 m

2,490 feet

Latitude:

0.88°S

0°53'0"S

Longitude:

89.50°W

89°30'0"W




Indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number)


Alcedo Volcanic Activity Reports


11/1970 (CSLP 95-70) False activity report caused by a fire

03/1991 (BGVN 16:03) Loud booming sounds with accompanying felt shocks; changes at fumarolic area

04/1991 (BGVN 16:04) Sonic activity and felt earthquakes decline; minor changes to hydrothermal system

03/1995 (BGVN 20:03) Two craters on the SW caldera wall linked to a 1993 eruption


Azul, Cerro Volcanic Activity Reports


09/1969 (CSLP 110-69) Tremors precede reports of smoke and vapor emissions

01/1979 (SEAN 04:01) Eruption underway on E flank

02/1979 (SEAN 04:02) Flank fissure eruption continuing after full month

08/1998 (BGVN 23:08) Flank and caldera fissure eruption; helicopter tortoise-rescue

09/1998 (BGVN 23:09) Flank and caldera eruptions continue


Darwing Volcanic Activity Reports


07/1971 (CSLP 042-71) Aerial reconnaissance shows caldera unchanged

12/1973 (CSLP 150-73) Thermal anomalies, but no confirmed activity


Fernandina Volcanic Activity Reports


11/1968 (CSLP 09-68) News report of fieldwork following 11 June eruption

12/1968 (CSLP 09-68) Observations and assessment of effects from June eruption

05/1971 (CSLP 42-71) Three recent earthquakes; white puffs from cinder cones

07/1971 (CSLP 42-71) No significant changes to caldera from recent earthquake swarm

06/1973 (CSLP 83-73) New eruptive products recognized during fieldwork

11/1973 (CSLP 147-73) More accurate date for 1972 eruption

12/1973 (CSLP 150-73) Eruption during 10-13 December sends lava flows into caldera

03/1977 (SEAN 02:03) Fissure lava eruption during 23-27 March

08/1978 (SEAN 03:08) Earthquake appears to have triggered new eruption

09/1978 (SEAN 03:09) Eruption apparently ended 26 August

03/1984 (SEAN 09:03) Caldera eruption; lava flow; SO2 plume detected

08/1988 (SEAN 13:08) Eruption cloud extends 300 km

10/1988 (SEAN 13:10) Caldera wall collapsed; crater lake moved; lava flows, phreatic eruptions observed

03/1991 (BGVN 16:03) Preliminary reports of intracaldera eruption

04/1991 (BGVN 16:04) Large SO2-rich plumes deposit ash; lava fountains and flows from 1988 vent area

01/1995 (BGVN 20:01) Lava escapes on SW flank and flows 5 km to enter the ocean

02/1995 (BGVN 20:02) Flank eruption slows but continues until at least 19 March

03/1995 (BGVN 20:03) Lava enters the sea at three locations; ejections from lava lake

05/1995 (BGVN 20:05) Eruption ends in early April

08/1995 (BGVN 20:08) Now-cooling lava and the eruption's impact on plants and animals


Marchena Volcanic Activity Reports


08/1991 (BGVN 16:08) First historical eruption

09/1991 (BGVN 16:09) Lava from circumferential fissure flows into caldera and ocean

10/1991 (BGVN 16:10) Flow front advances into sea with no explosive venting


Negra, Sierra Volcanic Activity Reports


11/1979 (SEAN 04:11) 14-km-high cloud; lava flows to sea

12/1979 (SEAN 04:12) Eruption ends; additional earthquakes located

01/1980 (SEAN 05:01) Last month's eruption obituary was premature

09/2004 (BGVN 29:09) 12 June-29 August 2004, GPS data indicate 77 cm of caldera-floor uplift


Wolf Volcanic Activity Reports


07/1971 (CSLP 042-71) Aerial reconnaissance shows caldera unchanged

03/1973 (CSLP 031-73) Earthquake swarm near Isla Isabella

11/1973 (CSLP 147-73) Park wardens hear strong and constant rumbling from the caldera

12/1973 (CSLP 150-73) Thermal anomalies, but no confirmed activity

08/1982 (SEAN 07:08) Lava fountaining and flows in caldera and on SE flank




Volcan Vocabulary:

  1. Hot Spots: areas on the ocean floor where lava has emerged and settled

  2. Mantle Plume: hot spots with lava blocks that have built up above sea level

  3. Shield Volcano: volcanoes built by fluid lava flows, characterized by gentle slopes and domical shapes that resemble a warrior's shield and make up some of the largest volcanoes in the world.

  4. Caldera: craters made by explosions or collapses

  5. Eruptions: depend on magma composition, silica content, viscosity, temperature, and composition of gases and water. Galapagos magma has relatively little SiO2, which causes fluid and non-violent eruptions.

  6. Basalt: most common volcanic rock consisting of feldspar and magnetite with dark gray to black color.

  7. Pyroclastic material: bombs, lapili and ash which are thrown into the air

  8. Lahars: an avalanche of fire, mude, water, and ice, which occur in stratovolcano eruptions

  9. Fumaroles: gas and water vapor emissions from crater steam vents

  10. Pahoehoe: basaltic lava with smooth, hummocky, or ropy surface. Pahoehoe flow consists of small lobes and toes that break from a cooled crust and are refered to as lava sculpture for their bizarre shapes.

  11. 'A'a: lava flow consisting of clinkers (broken lava blocks) with a rubble surface. Inside the clinkers is a big, dense core. The lava flows out of the core and ends up carrying the clinkers along the surface. At the edge of the flow, the clinkers are covered by the rest of the flow, which creates lava fragment layers.




Related Links:


  1. Biosensors

    1. Biosensors: Abiotics




Home




Mission 2008 Homepage




MIT Homepage