VOLCANOES
Although the Galapagos Islands are volcanic in origin, they are not part of the Ring of Fire and they were never part of mainland Ecuador. The islands formed from the collision of the Cocos and Nazca tectonic plates, which move southeast five centimeters a year. The islands have shield volcanoes, which form basalt lava and sometimes are marked by calderas. Historically recorded are fifty-three eruptions in only eight volcanoes, which puts the Galapagos Islands in the top the regions for volcanic activity. In the ocean, The Carnegie Ridge mountain range separates the Galapagos Islands from the mainland. The ridge is believed to be once above sea level which would explain how animals and plants reached the islands.
Volcano |
Island |
Height |
Location |
La Cumbre |
Fernandina |
1463m |
0.37 S 91.55 W |
Santo Tomas |
Isabela |
1490m |
0.83 S 91.17 W |
Volcán Ecuador
Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
Straddles the equator at the NW end of Isabela Island Along Coast, two large pyroclastic cones In caldera, chains of spatter cones and small scoria cones A single a'a' lava flow covers half of caldera floor Extending E side, is a line of NE-trending fissure-fed vents (connect Volcán Ecuador with Volcán Wolf0 |
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Volcano Number: |
1503-011 |
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Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
||
Volcano Status: |
Holocene |
||
Last Known Eruption: |
Unknown |
||
Summit Elevation: |
790+ m |
2,592 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.02°S |
0°1'0"S |
|
Longitude: |
91.546°W |
91°32'45"W |
Fernandina
Country: |
Ecuador |
Most active Galápagos volcano Closest one to Galápagos mantle plume Caldera formed by several episodes of collapse Collapse during 1988 eruption caused debris avalanche that absorbed the caldera lake. |
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Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
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Volcano Number: |
1503-01= |
||
Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
||
Volcano Status: |
Historical |
||
Last Known Eruption: |
1995 |
||
Summit Elevation: |
1476 m |
4,842 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.37°S |
0°22'0"S |
|
Longitude: |
91.55°W |
91°33'0"W |
Wolf
Country: |
Ecuador |
Highest Galapagos volcano, 1710 m Straddles the equator Has first documented Galapagos eruption |
|
Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
||
Volcano Number: |
1503-02= |
||
Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
||
Volcano Status: |
Historical |
||
Last Known Eruption: |
1982 |
||
Summit Elevation: |
1710 m |
5,610 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.02°N |
0°1'0"N |
|
Longitude: |
91.35°W |
91°21'0"W |
Darwin
Country: |
Ecuador |
Radial fissures along flanks |
|
Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
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Volcano Number: |
1503-03= |
||
Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
||
Volcano Status: |
Holocene |
||
Last Known Eruption: |
1813 |
||
Summit Elevation: |
1330 m |
4,363 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.18°S |
0°11'0"S |
|
Longitude: |
91.28°W |
91°17'0"W |
Alcedo
Country: |
Ecuador |
Flanks and caldera vegetated Only Galapagos volcano that has erupted rhyolite AND basalt Partial moat around caldera floor Active hydrothermal system in caldera
|
|
Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
||
Volcano Number: |
1503-04= |
||
Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
||
Volcano Status: |
Historical |
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Last Known Eruption: |
1993 |
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Summit Elevation: |
1130 m |
3,707 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.43°S |
0°26'0"S |
|
Longitude: |
91.12°W |
91°7'0"W |
Sierra Negra
Country: |
Ecuador |
Contains largest Galapagos caldera (7x10.5km) |
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Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
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Volcano Number: |
1503-05= |
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Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
||
Volcano Status: |
Historical |
||
Last Known Eruption: |
1980 |
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Summit Elevation: |
1490 m |
4,888 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.83°S |
0°50'0"S |
|
Longitude: |
91.17°W |
91°10'0"W |
Azul Cerro
Country: |
Ecuador |
Contains deepest Galapagos caldera (650m) 2nd highest Galapagos Volcano (1640m) Episodic hydrovolcanism Solfataric activity within caldera |
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Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
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Volcano Number: |
1503-06= |
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Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
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Volcano Status: |
Historical |
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Last Known Eruption: |
1998 |
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Summit Elevation: |
1640 m |
5,381 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.90°S |
0°54'0"S |
|
Longitude: |
91.42°W |
91°25'0"W |
Pinta
Country: |
Ecuador |
Northenmost active Galapagos volcano's Lacks caldera Unvegetated lava flows |
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Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
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Volcano Number: |
1503-07= |
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Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
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Volcano Status: |
Historical |
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Last Known Eruption: |
1928 |
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Summit Elevation: |
780 m |
2,559 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.58°N |
0°35'0"N |
|
Longitude: |
90.75°W |
90°45'0"W |
Genovesa
Country: |
Ecuador |
Only 64m high Known for Basaltic rocks with coarse plagioclases |
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Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
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Volcano Number: |
1503-081 |
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Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
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Volcano Status: |
Holocene |
||
Last Known Eruption: |
Unknown |
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Summit Elevation: |
64 m |
210 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.32°N |
0°19'0"N |
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Longitude: |
89.958°W |
89°57'30"W |
Marchena
Country: |
Ecuador |
Large caldera buried by pyroclastic cones and lava flows Lava flows filled caldera and flowed to sea |
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Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
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Volcano Number: |
1503-08= |
||
Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
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Volcano Status: |
Historical |
||
Last Known Eruption: |
1991 |
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Summit Elevation: |
343 m |
1,125 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.33°N |
0°20'0"N |
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Longitude: |
90.47°W |
90°28'0"W |
Santa Cruz
Country: |
Ecuador |
Cinder cones with craters bury caldera NE side has submarine lava flows |
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Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
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Volcano Number: |
1503-091 |
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Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
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Volcano Status: |
Holocene |
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Last Known Eruption: |
Unknown |
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Summit Elevation: |
864 m |
2,835 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.62°S |
0°37'0"S |
|
Longitude: |
90.33°W |
90°20'0"W |
Santiago
Country: |
Ecuador |
Peppered with Holocene pyroclastic cones Panhoehoe lava flows at James and Sullivan bays |
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Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
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Volcano Number: |
1503-09= |
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Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
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Volcano Status: |
Historical |
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Last Known Eruption: |
1906 |
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Summit Elevation: |
920 m |
3,018 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.22°S |
0°13'0"S |
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Longitude: |
90.77°W |
90°46'0"W |
Floreana
Country: |
Ecuador |
Covered with cinder cones |
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Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
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Volcano Number: |
1503-10= |
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Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
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Volcano Status: |
Holocene |
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Last Known Eruption: |
Unknown |
||
Summit Elevation: |
640 m |
2,100 feet |
|
Latitude: |
1.30°S |
1°18'0"S |
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Longitude: |
90.45°W |
90°27'0"W |
San Cristobal
Country: |
Ecuador |
Resembles Hawaiian shield volcano Younger lava flows formed littoral cones |
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Subregion Name: |
Galápagos Islands |
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Volcano Number: |
1503-12- |
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Volcano Type: |
Shield volcano |
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Volcano Status: |
Holocene |
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Last Known Eruption: |
Unknown |
||
Summit Elevation: |
759 m |
2,490 feet |
|
Latitude: |
0.88°S |
0°53'0"S |
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Longitude: |
89.50°W |
89°30'0"W |
Indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number)
Alcedo Volcanic Activity Reports
11/1970 (CSLP 95-70) False activity report caused by a fire
03/1991 (BGVN 16:03) Loud booming sounds with accompanying felt shocks; changes at fumarolic area
04/1991 (BGVN 16:04) Sonic activity and felt earthquakes decline; minor changes to hydrothermal system
03/1995 (BGVN 20:03) Two craters on the SW caldera wall linked to a 1993 eruption
Azul, Cerro Volcanic Activity Reports
09/1969 (CSLP 110-69) Tremors precede reports of smoke and vapor emissions
01/1979 (SEAN 04:01) Eruption underway on E flank
02/1979 (SEAN 04:02) Flank fissure eruption continuing after full month
08/1998 (BGVN 23:08) Flank and caldera fissure eruption; helicopter tortoise-rescue
09/1998 (BGVN 23:09) Flank and caldera eruptions continue
Darwing Volcanic Activity Reports
07/1971 (CSLP 042-71) Aerial reconnaissance shows caldera unchanged
12/1973 (CSLP 150-73) Thermal anomalies, but no confirmed activity
Fernandina Volcanic Activity Reports
11/1968 (CSLP 09-68) News report of fieldwork following 11 June eruption
12/1968 (CSLP 09-68) Observations and assessment of effects from June eruption
05/1971 (CSLP 42-71) Three recent earthquakes; white puffs from cinder cones
07/1971 (CSLP 42-71) No significant changes to caldera from recent earthquake swarm
06/1973 (CSLP 83-73) New eruptive products recognized during fieldwork
11/1973 (CSLP 147-73) More accurate date for 1972 eruption
12/1973 (CSLP 150-73) Eruption during 10-13 December sends lava flows into caldera
03/1977 (SEAN 02:03) Fissure lava eruption during 23-27 March
08/1978 (SEAN 03:08) Earthquake appears to have triggered new eruption
09/1978 (SEAN 03:09) Eruption apparently ended 26 August
03/1984 (SEAN 09:03) Caldera eruption; lava flow; SO2 plume detected
08/1988 (SEAN 13:08) Eruption cloud extends 300 km
10/1988 (SEAN 13:10) Caldera wall collapsed; crater lake moved; lava flows, phreatic eruptions observed
03/1991 (BGVN 16:03) Preliminary reports of intracaldera eruption
04/1991 (BGVN 16:04) Large SO2-rich plumes deposit ash; lava fountains and flows from 1988 vent area
01/1995 (BGVN 20:01) Lava escapes on SW flank and flows 5 km to enter the ocean
02/1995 (BGVN 20:02) Flank eruption slows but continues until at least 19 March
03/1995 (BGVN 20:03) Lava enters the sea at three locations; ejections from lava lake
05/1995 (BGVN 20:05) Eruption ends in early April
08/1995 (BGVN 20:08) Now-cooling lava and the eruption's impact on plants and animals
Marchena Volcanic Activity Reports
08/1991 (BGVN 16:08) First historical eruption
09/1991 (BGVN 16:09) Lava from circumferential fissure flows into caldera and ocean
10/1991 (BGVN 16:10) Flow front advances into sea with no explosive venting
Negra, Sierra Volcanic Activity Reports
11/1979 (SEAN 04:11) 14-km-high cloud; lava flows to sea
12/1979 (SEAN 04:12) Eruption ends; additional earthquakes located
01/1980 (SEAN 05:01) Last month's eruption obituary was premature
09/2004 (BGVN 29:09) 12 June-29 August 2004, GPS data indicate 77 cm of caldera-floor uplift
Wolf Volcanic Activity Reports
07/1971 (CSLP 042-71) Aerial reconnaissance shows caldera unchanged
03/1973 (CSLP 031-73) Earthquake swarm near Isla Isabella
11/1973 (CSLP 147-73) Park wardens hear strong and constant rumbling from the caldera
12/1973 (CSLP 150-73) Thermal anomalies, but no confirmed activity
08/1982 (SEAN 07:08) Lava fountaining and flows in caldera and on SE flank
Volcan Vocabulary:
Hot Spots: areas on the ocean floor where lava has emerged and settled
Mantle Plume: hot spots with lava blocks that have built up above sea level
Shield Volcano: volcanoes built by fluid lava flows, characterized by gentle slopes and domical shapes that resemble a warrior's shield and make up some of the largest volcanoes in the world.
Caldera: craters made by explosions or collapses
Eruptions: depend on magma composition, silica content, viscosity, temperature, and composition of gases and water. Galapagos magma has relatively little SiO2, which causes fluid and non-violent eruptions.
Basalt: most common volcanic rock consisting of feldspar and magnetite with dark gray to black color.
Pyroclastic material: bombs, lapili and ash which are thrown into the air
Lahars: an avalanche of fire, mude, water, and ice, which occur in stratovolcano eruptions
Fumaroles: gas and water vapor emissions from crater steam vents
Pahoehoe: basaltic lava with smooth, hummocky, or ropy surface. Pahoehoe flow consists of small lobes and toes that break from a cooled crust and are refered to as lava sculpture for their bizarre shapes.
'A'a: lava flow consisting of clinkers (broken lava blocks) with a rubble surface. Inside the clinkers is a big, dense core. The lava flows out of the core and ends up carrying the clinkers along the surface. At the edge of the flow, the clinkers are covered by the rest of the flow, which creates lava fragment layers.
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