2 - The Vocabulary of Islamic Religious Architecture

Islamic Architecture: Is taken today to mean the architecture built by or for Muslims, or that built in Islamic lands or under Islamic government, a large corpus indeed.

The Liturgical Elements of a Mosque:

Mihrab: A wall recess, mostly in the form of arched niche, in the qibla wall, indicating the position of the prayer-leader facing the direction toward Mecca.

Minbar: The pulpit, mostly made of wood, put in a mosque near its mihrab, upon which the prayer-leader stands when he gives the congregational prayer's sermon on Fridays and in holidays.

Minaret: A tall slender tower, circular or square in section, built next or in a mosque, from which the Muslims are called to prayer. Mosques may have one, two, three, four, and up to six minarets.

Ablution Fountain: A feature frequently but not always encountered in mosques. It is usually put in the center of the mosque's courtyard for the worshipers to perform their ritual washing before prayer.

Formal Typology of the Mosque:

The Hypostyle Mosque: Mosque in which the prayer hall is formed of rows of vertical supports, or columns, that can multiply indefinitely. Dominant type in the early period.

The Iwan Mosque: Mosque in which the prayer hall is an iwan, or more, up to four iwans, surrounding a courtyard. It was the most popular type in the medieval period, and remained dominant in Iran.

The Central-Dome Mosque: Mosque in which the prayer hall's space is dominated by a central dome surrounded by smaller and lower semi-domes. It was introduced by the Ottomans in the 15th century.

Functional Typology of Religious Structures

• Structures for prayer:
  • neighborhood mosque (masjid).
  • congregational mosque (jami or masjid jami).
  • prayer enclosure(musalla or namaz-gah).
• Structures for religious education
  • Qur`anic school for children (kuttab)
  • religious college (madrasa).
• Monastic structures:
  • monastic fortress (Ribat).
  • urban Sufi lodge (Khanqah and/or takiyya or tekke).
  • retreat for a famous sheikh (zawiyya).
• Memorial structures:
  • saint (wali) tomb or reliquary(maqam or mazar).
  • memorial of a vision (mashhad).
  • mausoleum (qubba or turba) with charitable functions attached.
  • funerary garden or enclosure (rawd).