Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight

by David A. Mindell

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Documents:

Chapter 6: Reliability or Repair? The Apollo Computer

Crisp, Robert, and D. Keene. ‘‘Apollo Command and Service Module Reaction Control by the
Digital Autopilot.
’’ Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, 1968.

Hall, Eldon C. ‘‘Case History of the Apollo Guidance Computer.’’ E-1970. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT
Instrumentation Laboratory, 1966.

Hall, Eldon C. ‘‘General Design Characteristics of the Apollo Guidance Computer.’’ R-410. Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, May 1963.

Hall, Eldon C. ‘‘MIT’s Role in Project Apollo, Vol. III: Computer Subsystem.’’ R-700. Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, August 1972.

Hanley, David L., Jayne Partridge, and Eldon C. Hall. ‘‘The Application of Failure Analysis in Procuring
and Screening of Integrated Circuits.
’’ Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Instrumentation Laboratory,
1965.

Hoag, David G. ‘‘Apollo Navigation, Guidance, and Control Systems: A Progress Report.’’ E-2411.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, February 1969.

Hopkins Jr., Albert L., Ramon Alonso, and Hugh Blair-Smith. ‘‘Logical Description for the Apollo
Guidance Computer (AGC4)
.’’ Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, 1963.

Hopkins, Albert L. ‘‘A Fault-Tolerant Information Processing Concept for Space Vehicles.’’ Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, 1970.

Martin, Frederick H., and Richard H. Battin. ‘‘Computer-Controlled Steering of the Apollo Spacecraft.’’
J. Spacecraft 5, no. 4 (1968): 400–407.

Partridge, Jayne, L. David Hanley, and Eldon C. Hall. ‘‘Progress Report on Attainable Reliability of
Integrated Circuits for Systems Application.
’’ Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Instrumentation Laboratory,
1964.

Shea memo to Trageser on ground tracking as primary control, November 30, 1964, UHCL Chrono 64-64.

Speer, Raymond. ‘‘Strict Control Kept Out Semiconductor Flaws.’’ Electronic Design 17 (August 16,
1969): 29.

Thomas, B. K. ‘‘Apollo 8 Proves Value of Onboard Control.’’ Aviation Week and Space Technology
( January 20, 1969): 40–46.

Tomayko, James E. Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience. Linthicum Heights, Md: NASA
History Office, 1988.