Environmental and Financial Performance Literature Webpage

by Donald P. Cram (MIT Sloan School)

and Dinah Koehler (Harvard School of Public Health, and )

We are writing a review paper currently titled "Environmental Management and Corporate Financial Performance" as abstracted below, and seek to collect working papers and publications that address the relationship between firms' environmental actions and financial consequences for shareholders. By this supporting webpage http://web.mit.edu/doncram/www/environmental/envir-fin-literature.html we seek to establish a complete listing of papers in this area. We expect that the public listing of these papers will itself be a service to managers and environmentalists interested in these issues, and plan to maintain this listing on a continuing basis even after our own critical review article is completed.

Please email comments and suggestions of other papers or references to: doncram@mit.edu or by postal mail to:

Donald P. Cram
MIT Sloan School
E52-343a
Cambridge, MA 02142
U.S.A.
Dinah may be reached at dkoehler@hsph.harvard.edu.

Our Abstract (Version of September 1, 1999): We review the growing literature relating corporate environmental performance to financial performance. We seek to identify achievements and limitations of this literature, and to highlight areas for further research. Our primary interest is to assess the adequacy of the literature in informing corporate managers how, when, and where to make pro-environment investments that will pay off with financial returns for longterm shareholders. To do so, we create a conceptual framework that maps the influence of regulators, public health scientists, environmental advocates, consumers, employees, and other interested parties upon corporate financial returns. Our discussion has relevance to all parties interested in influencing corporate actions that affect the environment.


The Current Literature of Environmental and Financial Performance

Arora, S. and T. N. Cason (1995). "An experiment in voluntary environmental regulation: Participation in EPA's 33/50 program." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 28.

Baake, P. and R. Borck (1997). Majority Voting and Regulation.

Barth, M. E. and M. F. McNichols (1994). Estimation and Market Valuation of Environmental Liabilities Relating to Superfund Sites.

Barth, M. E., M. F. McNichols, et al. (1997). Factors Influencing Firms' Disclosures about Environmental Liabilities. Graduate School of Business, Stanford University.

Begley, R. (1997). "Value of ISO 14000 Management Systems Put to the Test." Environmental Science & Technology / News 31(8).

BEP (1997). "Greening the Supply Chain: Benchmarking Leadership Company Efforts to Improve Environmental Performance in the Supply Chain." .

Bhat, V. N. (1996). The Green Corporation: The Next Competitive Advantage, Quorum Books.

Bhatnagar, S. and M. A. Cohen (1997). The Impact of Environmental Regulation on Innovation: A Panel Data Study.

Blacconiere, W. G. and W. D. Northcutt (1997). "Environmental Information and Market Reactions to Environmental Legislation." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 12(2): 149-178.

Blacconiere, W. G. and D. M. Patten (1994). "Environmental Disclosures, Regulatory Costs, and Changes in Firm Value." Journal of Accounting and Economics 18: 357-377.

Bosch, J. C., E. W. Eckard, et al. (1996). Environmental regulations and Stockholders' Wealth: An Empirical Examination.

Browne, J. (1997). "Breaking Ranks." Stanford Business(September): 16-19.

Burnett, B. (1997). "Environmental Protection and Good Business." .

Burtraw, D., W. Harrington, et al. (1995). "Optimal "Adders" for Environmental Damage by Public Utilities." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 29(Supplement): S1-S19.

Byrns, E. V. (1994). "A Model for a Firm's Optimal Environmental Policy." The Engineering Economist 39(3): 249-262.

Campbell, K., S. E. Sefcik, et al. (1996). Disclosure of Private Information and Reduction of Uncertainty: Environmental Liabilities in the Chemical Industry.

Campbell, K., S. E. Sefcik, et al. (1996). Site Hazard, Settlement Activity and Superfund Liability Valuation.

Campbell, K. and N. Soderstrom (1996). Executive Compensation and Enviromental Exposure.

Carson, R. T., R. C. Mitchell, et al. (1994). Contingent Valuation and Lost Passive Use: Damages from the Exxon Valdez.

CERES (July 1, 1997). "CERES Principles Endorsing Companies." .

Clough, R. R. (1997). Impact of an Environmental Screen on Portfolio Performance: A Comparative Analysis of S&P 500 Stock Returns.

Cobas, E., C. Hendrickson, et al. (1995). "Economic Input/Output Analysis to Aid Life Cycle Assessment of Electronics Products." .

Cohen, M. A., S. A. Fein, et al. (1995). Environmental and Financial Performance: Are They Related?.

Cohen, M. A. and S. Konar (1995). Information as Regulation: The Effect of Community Right to Know Laws on Toxic Emissions.

Communicopia "Annotated Bibliography of Environmental Reporting Literature." http://www.sustainability.com/planet/library/emardocs.html.

Conway, R. A., Ed. (1982). Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals, Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Cormier, D. and M. Magnan (1997). Corporate Environmental Disclosure Strategies: Determinants, Costs and Benefits.

Ditz, D., J. Ranganathan, et al., Eds. (1995). Green Ledgers: Case Studies in Corporate Environmental Accounting. Baltimore, World Resources Institute.

EIS (1997). "Petroleum Industry." .

Environmental Information Services, I. (1997). "Dow Chemical: Environmental Research Report." .

EPA (1990). Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to Combustor Emissions (Interim Final). Washington, DC, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.

EPA (1990). Research to Improve Health Risk Assessments (RIHRA) Program. Washington, DC, Office of Research and Development.

EPA (1998?). "Sector Facility Indexing Project (miscellaneous)." .

Epstein, L. N., S. Greetham, et al. (1995). "Ranking Refineries: What Do We Know About Oil Refinery Pollution From Right-to-Know Data?" EDF.

Epstein, M. J. (1994). The Integration of Environmental Measurement into Management Decision Making.

Epstein, M. J. (1996). Measuring Corporate Environmental Performance: Best Practices for Costing and Managing an Effective Environmental Strategy, Irwin Professional Publishing.

Francis, J. and D. F. Sansone (1997). The Cleve Reber Site: A case study in superfund remediation and environmental accounting.

FranklinResearch (1997). "Franklin Research & Development Corporation." http://www.frdc.com//newfrdc.html.

Friend, G. (1996). "Evaluating Corporate Environmental Performance." http://www.eco-ops.../nbl/nbl.5.22.html(October 21).

Friend, G. (February 20, 1995). "Rating your company's EQE." http://www.eco- ops..s/nbl/nbl.4.4.html.

Friend, G. and S. Cowan (15 May 1997). "Rgional Metabolism (Resource Flow Analysis) for the Northern Neck and Middle Peninsula Planning Districts." .

Friend, G., E. A. Lowe, et al. (November 3, 1993). "A Strategy for "Environmental Business" Economic Development for the City of Berkeley." .

Garber, S. and J. K. Hammitt (1998). "Risk Premiums for Environmental Liability: Does Superfund Increase the Cost of Capital?" Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 36: 267-294.

Grimsted, B. A., S. C. Schaltegger, et al. (1994). "A multimedia assessment scheme to evaluate chemical effects on the environment and human health." Pollution Prevention Review.

Haji, S. (1998?). "EDF's Scorecard Project: Measuring the Environmental Performance of Firms." .

Hamilton, J. T. (1995). "Pollution as News: Media and Stock Market Reactions to the Toxics Release Inventory Data." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 28: 98-113.

Hart, S. L. (1997). "Strategies for a Sustainable World." Harvard Business Review(January/February).

Hart, S. L. and G. Ahuja (1996). "Does it pay to be green? An empirical examination of the relationship between emission reduction and firm performance." Business Strategy and the Environment 5: 30-37.

HBS "Measuring Corporate Performance." .

ICFKaiser (1997). "ICF Kaiser ISO 14001 Services." http://www.icfkais...so14k/isosrvcs.htm.

ICI (19??). "Environmental Burden: The ICI Approach: A new method to evaluate the potential environmental impact of wastes and emissions." .

IFAC (1998). Envirionmental Management in Organizations: The Role of Management Accounting. New York, International Federation of Accountants.

Ilinitch, A. Y., N. S. Soderstrom, et al. (1998). "Measuring Corporate Environmental Performance." Journal of Accounting & Public Policy 17(4,5 (Winter)): 383-408.

IRRC (1998?). "Environmental Benchmarker." http://www.irrc.org/???/benchmarker/html.

IRRC (1998?). "Environmental Information Service." http://www.irrc.org/profile/eis.html.

IRRC (1998?). "misc." .

Johnson, M. F., M. Magnan, et al. (1998). Nonfinancial Measures of Environmental Performance as Proxies for Environmental Risks and Uncertainties.

Johnson, S. D. and K. J. Laverty (1997). Environmental Performance and Economic Performance.

Karpoff, J. M., J. R. Lott, et al. (1998). Environmental Violations, Legal Penalties, and Reputation Costs.

Kennedy, J., T. Mitchell, et al. (1998). "Disclosure of Contingent Environmental Liabilities: Some Unintended Consequences?" Journal of Accounting Research 36(2 (Autumn)): 257-277.

Khanna, M., W. R. H. Quimio, et al. (1998). "Toxics Release Information: A Policy Tool for Environmental Protection." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 36: 243-266.

Klassen, R. D. and C. P. McLaughlin (1996). "The Impact of Environmental Management on Firm Performance." Management Science 42(8): 1199- 1214.

Konar, S. and M. A. Cohen (1997). Why do Firms Pollute (and Reduce) Toxic Emissions?.

Lancaster, K. A. S. (1998). Valuation Analysis of Environmental Disclosures.

Lanen, W. N. (1995). Waste Minimization at 3M Corporation: A Case Study in Performance Measurement.

Lave, L. B., E. Cobas-Flores, et al. (1995). "Life-Cycle Assessment: Using Input-Output Analysis to Estimate Economy-wide Discharges." Environmental Science & Technology 29(9).

Levinson, J. (1997). "EIS-EPA Ranking project." .

Li, Y., G. D. Richardson, et al. (1997). "Corporate Disclosure of Environmental Liability Information: Theory and Evidence." Corporate Accounting Research 14(7).

Martin, H. D. (1995?). "Environmental Planning: Balancing Environmental Commitments with Economic Realities." GEMI?.

Martins, L. L., C. J. Fombrun, et al. (1995). Assessing Corporate Environmental Performance. Steering Business Toward Sustainability. F. Capra and G. Pauli, United Nations University Press.

Pearman, A. (1994). The Use of Stated Preference Methods in the Evaluation of Environmental Change. Valuing the Environment: Methodological and Measurement Issues. R. Pethig, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Pethig, R. (1994). Valuing the Environment: Methodological and Measurement Issues, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Porter, M. E. and C. v. d. Linde (1995). "Green and competitive: Ending the stalemate." Harvard Business Review 73(September/October).

Ratick, S. J., J. Cummings-Saxon, et al. (19??). "Pollution Prevention Frontiers: An Approach to Measuring Progress in Pollution Prevention." Under submission at Environment and Planning - B.

Rice, F. (July 26, 1993). "Who Scores Best on the Environment." Fortune.

RTKNET (1998?). "RTK NET: The Right to Know Network." http://www.rtk.net/.

Samiullah, Y. (1990). Prediction of the Environmental Fate of Chemicals, Elsevier Applied Science.

Stanny, E. (1995). Effects of an SEC Enforcement Criterion on Environmental Disclosure Practices.

Sustainability/UNEP (1997). "The 1997 Benchmark Survey: The third international progress report on company environmental reporting [engaging stakeholders]." http://members.wbs.net/homepages/f/o/l/folmolen/unep_97.htm.

Tellus (1995). "Environmental Cost Accounting for Capital Budgeting: A Benchmark Survey of Management Accountants." .

Thomas, P. B. and S. Y. Kenny (1997). Environmental Reporting: A Comparison of Annual Report Disclosures and Popular Financial Press Commentary. http://les.man.ac.uk/IPA/papers/thomas61.htm.

White, M. A. (1996). Investor Response to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.

Winslow (1997). "Winslow Environmental News (July 1997)." .