DUSP Courses 1998

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11.528 Urban Spatial Structure & Transportation

Department of Urban Studies and Planning

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Fall 1998

11.528 URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORTATION:

PLANNING FOR ACCESSIBLE CITIES

(A 6-unit course that ends on October 29, 1998)

INSTRUCTOR

Professor Qing Shen

Room 9-526, Tel: 253-1788, Email: qshen@MIT.EDU

TEACHING ASSISTANT

Ming Zhang

Room 9-512, Tel: 253-7691, Email:zhangm@mit.edu

LECTURES/LABS

Tuesday and Thursday 2:30 - 4:00 PM at Room 9 536

COURSE ADMINISTRATION

Sue Delaney

Room 9-514, Tel: 253-0779, Email: sld@MIT.EDU

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course discusses the meanings of urban space and the role of transportation planning in a contemporary metropolitan context. It consists of five parts. Part I is the introduction, which provides an overview of the course. Part II reviews theories of the formation and evolution of urban land use patterns. This theoretical discussion will help conceptualize the spatial effect of urban industrial restructuring, employment decentralization, and residential segregation. Part III applies spatial analysis to the measurement and interpretation of job accessibility of low-skilled workers living in large US cities. The Boston Metropolitan Area will be used for case study. In Part IV, we seek strategies for improving the level of accessibility for low-skilled workers, especially those who are autoless. Innovative transit programs will be studied, and the potential for integration of transportation planning with housing, social service, and job placement will be explored. Part V, which includes several computer lab sessions, covers some of the most useful analytical methods for urban transportation planning. TransCAD, a user-friendly Geographic Information System (GIS) software designed for transportation professionals, will be used for these lab sessions. Finally, in Part VI, we discuss the likely impact of advanced communication and information technologies on urban space.

PREREQUISITES

Completion of introductory computer courses (11.207 and 11.208 or equivalent) is required. Students are also expected to know the basics of microeconomics and statistics. Please contact the instructor if you have questions regarding these prerequisites.

ASSIGNMENTS

Students will be required to write 1 short essay (4 - 6 pages), complete 1 problem set, and finish a group project. Final grades will be weighted as follows: essay - 25%, problem set - 25%, group project - 30%, and class participation - 20%.

READINGS

There will be a course reader available at the MIT Copy Center, Room 11 - 004. Some materials will also be handed out in class. Additional readings will be on reserve in Rotch Library (7 - 238). Readings will be assigned from a combination of journal articles, working papers, and book chapters. Most of the publications can be found in either Rotch Library or Barker Engineering Library (10 - 500). Please notice that an asterisk indicates required readings, whereas non-asterisked citations are optional. Required readings are either included in the reader, or will be handed out in class.

CLASS SCHEDULE AND ASSIGNMENTS

1. Introduction (1 session)

Sept. 10, Thu Planning for Accessible Cities: Challenges and Opportunities

Readings:

*Cervero, R. 1996. Paradigm Shift: From Automobility to Accessibility Planning. Working Paper 677, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 1-22.

*Kasarda, J. 1995. "Industrial Restructuring and Changing Location of Jobs", in R. Farley, ed. State of the Union: America in the 1990s, Volume I: Economic Trends. New York: Russel Sage Foundation. pp. 215-216; 261-266.

Sussman, J. M. 1994. "Critical Issues in Transportation", TR News 174: 5-13.

2. Urban Land Use Patterns and Evolution (2 sessions)

Sept. 15, Tue Location, Land Value, and Land Use in the Monocentric City

Readings:

*McDonald, J. 1997. Fundamentals of Urban Economics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 79-132.

O'Sullivan, A. 1994. Urban Economics. Homewood, IL: Irwin. pp. 201-261.

Alonso, W. 1964. Location and Land Use. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Mills, E. 1972. Studies in the Structure of the Urban Economy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Wheaton, W. 1977. "Income and Urban Residence: An Analysis of Consumer Demand for Location", American Economic Review 67: 620-631.

Sept. 17, Thu Industrial Transformation and Employment Decentralization

(Essay questions distributed)

Readings:

*Kasarda, J. 1995. "Industrial Restructuring and Changing Location of Jobs", in R. Farley, ed. State of the Union: America in the 1990s, Volume I: Economic Trends. New York: Russel Sage Foundation. pp. 215-238.

*O'Sullivan, A. 1994. Urban Economics. Homewood, IL: Irwin. pp. 263-288.

DiPasquale, D. and W. Wheaton. 1996. Urban Economics and Real Estate Markets. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 91-122.

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1995. The Technological Reshaping of Metropolitan America. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

3. Metropolitan Dispersal and Job Accessibility of Low-Skilled Workers (2 sessions)

Sept. 22, Tue Residential Location, Automobility, and Job Accessibility

Readings:

*Holzer, H. 1991. "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown", Urban Studies 28: 105-122.

*Kasarda, J. 1995. "Industrial Restructuring and Changing Location of Jobs", in R. Farley, ed. State of the Union: America in the 1990s, Volume I: Economic Trends. New York: Russel Sage Foundation. pp. 239-267.

*Morris, J. M., P. L. Dumble, and M. R. Wigan. 1979. "Accessibility Indicators for Transportation Planning", Transportation Research A 13: 91-109.

*Shen, Q. 1997. "Location Characteristics of Inner-City Neighborhoods

and Employment Accessibility of Low-wage Workers", Forthcoming in Environment and Planning B 25.

Taylor, B. and P. Ong. 1995. Spatial Mismatch or Automobile Mismatch? An Examination of Race, Residence and Commuting in US Metropolitan Areas", Urban Studies 32: 1453-1473.

O'Regan, K. M. and Quigley, J. M. 1997. "Accessibility and Economic Opportunity", Unpublished Paper, Yale University.

Wilson, W. 1996, When Work Disappears. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Sept. 24, Thu Accessibility and Labor Market Outcomes

Readings:

*Gordon, P., A. Kumar, and H. Richardson. 1989. "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Some New Evidence", Urban Studies 26: 315-326.

*Ihlanfeldt, K. R. and D. L. Sjoquist. 1990. "Job Accessibility and Racial Differences in Youth Employment Rates", The American Economic Review 80: 267-276.

* Kain, J. F. 1968 "Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization", The Quarterly Journal of Economics 82: 175-197.

O'Regan, K. M. and Quigley, J. M. 1996 "Spatial Effects upon Employment Outcomes: The Case of New Jersey Teenagers" New England Economic Review May/June, pp. 41-58.

O'Sullivan, A. 1994. Urban Economics. Homewood, IL: Irwin. pp. 329-381.

Simpson, W. 1992. Urban Structure and the Labour Market: Worker Mobility, Commuting, and Underemployment in Cities. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

4. Strategies for Improving the Level of Accessibility (2 sessions) &

5. Methods of Urban Transportation Planning (3 sessions)

Sept. 29, Tue Transportation Programs for Facilitating Welfare Reform

(Guest Speaker: Dr. Joseph Coughlin, Director of Region One UTC)

Readings:

*Lacombe, A. 1997, Welfare Reform and Access to Jobs in Boston. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation.

Hughes, M. A. 1995. "A Mobility Strategy for Improving Opportunity", Housing Policy Debate 6: 271-297.

Laube, M., W. Lyons, and P. vanderWilden. 1997. Transportation Planning for Access to Jobs. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, U.S. Department of Transportation.

Ong, P. 1996. "Work and Car Ownership Among Welfare Recipients", Social Work Research 20: 255-262.

Ong, P. and E. Blumenberg. 1998. "Job Access, Commute, and Travel Burden Among Welfare Recipients", Forthcoming, Urban Studies 35.

Oct. 1, Thu Introduction to TransCAD I (lab session)

(Essay due; Problem set distributed)

Readings:

Caliper Corporation. 1996. TransCAD User's Guide. Newton, MA: Caliper Corporation. Relevant Chapters.

Oct. 6, Tue Alternative Transit Programs; Integration of Transportation with Housing, Service, and Job Placement

Readings:

*Cervero, R. 1997. Paratransit in America: Redefining Mass Transportation. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. 3-30.

*Hanson, S. and G. Pratt. 1995. Gender, Work and Space. New York: Routledge. pp. 93-119.

*Jones, D. Urban Transit Policy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

pp. 1-27; 109-113.

O'Sullivan, A. 1994. Urban Economics. Homewood, IL: Irwin. pp. 613-638.

Rosenbaum, J. and Popkin, S. 1991. "Employment and Earnings of Low-Income Blacks Who Move to Middle-Class Suburbs", in C. Jencks and P. Peterson eds. The Urban Underclass. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.

Oct.8, Thu Introduction to TransCAD II (lab session)

(Lab Assignment 2)

Readings:

Caliper Corporation. 1996. TransCAD User's Guide. Newton, MA: Caliper Corporation. Relevant Chapters.

Oct. 15, Thu Restructure Urban Space through Land Use Planning

(Problem set due; Final project assigned)

Readings:

*Cervero, R. 1991. "Congestion Relief: The Land Use Alternative", Journal of Planning Education and Research 10: 119-129.

*Giuliano, G. 1995, "The Weakening Transportation-Land Use Connection", Access No. 6, pp. 3-11.

*Cervero, R. and J. Landis. 1995. "The Transportation-Land Use Connection Still Matters", Access No. 7, pp. 2-10.

Gordon, P., H. Richardson, and M-J. Jun. 1991. "The Commuting Paradox: Evidence from the Top Twenty", Journal of the American Planning Association 57: 416-420.

Bourne, L. S. 1992. "Self-fulfilling Prophecies? Decentralization, Inner City Decline, and the Quality of Urban Life", Journal of the American Planning Association 58: 509-513.

Newman, P. and J. Kenworthy 1992. "Is There a Role for Physical Planners?" Journal of the American Planning Association 58: 353-362.

Oct. 20, Tue Transportation Analysis Using TransCAD (lab session)

Readings:

Caliper Corporation. 1996. TransCAD User's Guide. Newton, MA: Caliper Corporation. Relevant Chapters.

6. Impacts of Advanced Communication and Information Technologies (2 sessions)

Oct. 22, Thu Virtual Space and the Coming of Informational Cities

Readings:

*Batty, M. 1990. "Invisible Cities", Environment and Planning B 17: 127-130.

*Hall, P. 1996. "Revisiting the Nonplace Urban Realm: Have We Come Full Circle?" International Planning Studies 1: 7-15.

Gottman, J. 1983. The Coming of the Transactional City. Institute of Urban Studies, University of Maryland, College Park.

Graham, S. and Marvin, S. 1996. Telecommunications and the City: Electronic Spaces, Urban Places. New York: Routledge.

Lemberg, D. 1996. "Gentleman Adventurers in the Information Age: Accessibility, Activity, and Urban Futures", Research Notes Presented in NCGIA Conference on Spatial Technologies, Geographic Information, and the City. Baltimore, Maryland.

Meier, R. L. 1962. A Communications Theory of Urban Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Mitchell, J. W. 1995. City of Bits: Space, Place and the Infobahn. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Webber, M. M. 1996. "Tenacious Cities", Research Notes Presented in NCGIA Conference on Spatial Technologies, Geographic Information, and the City. Baltimore, Maryland.

Webber, M. M. 1964. "The Urban Place and the Nonplace Urban Realm", in M. M. Webber ed. Explorations into Urban Structure. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Oct. 27, Tue The Technological and Social Construction of Urban Space

Readings:

*Handy, S. and P. Mokhtarian. 1996. "The Future of Telecommuting", Futures 28: 227-240.

*Mokhtarian, P. 1990. "A Typology of Relationships between Telecommunications and Transportation", Transportation Research A 24: 231-242.

Handy, S. and P. Mokhtarian. 1996. "Forecasting Telecommuting: An Exploration of Methodologies and Research Needs", Transportation 23: 163-190.

Salomon, I. 1986. "Telecommunication and Travel Relationships: A Review", Transportation Research A 20: 223-238.

Shen, Q. 1997. "Spatial Technologies, Accessibility, and the Social Construction of Urban Space", in P. K. Sikdar et al eds. Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management. New Delhi: Narosa.

U.S. Department of Transportation. 1993. Transportation Implications of Telecommuting, Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

FINAL PROJECT AND PRESENTATION

Oct. 29, Thu Students' Presentation of Final Project

(Project report due)

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This syllabus may have been updated. To ensure that you're looking at the most recent version, please hit "Reload."
11.528 Urban Spatial Structure & Transportation
Department of Urban Studies and Planning Massachusetts Institute of Technology Fall 1998 11.528 URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORTATION: PLANNING FOR ACCESSIBLE CITIES *(A 6-unit course that ends on October 29, 1998)* INSTRUCTOR Professor Qing Shen Room 9-526, Tel: 253-1788, Email: qshen@MIT.EDU TEACHING ASSISTANT Ming Zhang Room 9-512, Tel: 253-7691, Email:zhangm@mit.edu LECTURES/LABS Tuesday and Thursday 2:30 - 4:00 PM at Room 9 536 COURSE ADMINISTRATION Sue Delaney Room 9-514, Tel: 253-0779, Email: sld@MIT.EDU COURSE DESCRIPTION This course discusses the meanings of urban space and the role of transportation planning in a contemporary metropolitan context. It consists of five parts. Part I is the introduction, which provides an overview of the course. Part II reviews theories of the formation and evolution of urban land use patterns. This theoretical discussion will help conceptualize the spatial effect of urban industrial restructuring, employment decentralization, and residential segregation. Part III applies spatial analysis to the measurement and interpretation of job accessibility of low-skilled workers living in large US cities. The Boston Metropolitan Area will be used for case study. In Part IV, we seek strategies for improving the level of accessibility for low-skilled workers, especially those who are autoless. Innovative transit programs will be studied, and the potential for integration of transportation planning with housing, social service, and job placement will be explored. Part V, which includes several computer lab sessions, covers some of the most useful analytical methods for urban transportation planning. TransCAD, a user-friendly Geographic Information System (GIS) software designed for transportation professionals, will be used for these lab sessions. Finally, in Part VI, we discuss the likely impact of advanced communication and information technologies on urban space. PREREQUISITES Completion of introductory computer courses (11.207 and 11.208 or equivalent) is required. Students are also expected to know the basics of microeconomics and statistics. Please contact the instructor if you have questions regarding these prerequisites. ASSIGNMENTS Students will be required to write 1 short essay (4 - 6 pages), complete 1 problem set, and finish a group project. Final grades will be weighted as follows: essay - 25%, problem set - 25%, group project - 30%, and class participation - 20%. READINGS There will be a course reader available at the MIT Copy Center, Room 11 - 004. Some materials will also be handed out in class. Additional readings will be on reserve in Rotch Library (7 - 238). Readings will be assigned from a combination of journal articles, working papers, and book chapters. Most of the publications can be found in either Rotch Library or Barker Engineering Library (10 - 500). Please notice that an asterisk indicates required readings, whereas non-asterisked citations are optional. Required readings are either included in the reader, or will be handed out in class. CLASS SCHEDULE AND ASSIGNMENTS 1. Introduction (1 session) Sept. 10, Thu Planning for Accessible Cities: Challenges and Opportunities Readings: Cervero, R. 1996. Paradigm Shift: From Automobility to Accessibility Planning.* Working Paper 677, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 1-22. Kasarda, J. 1995. "Industrial Restructuring and Changing Location of Jobs", in R. Farley, ed. State of the Union: America in the 1990s, Volume I: Economic Trends.* New York: Russel Sage Foundation. pp. 215-216; 261-266. Sussman, J. M. 1994. "Critical Issues in Transportation", TR News 174: 5-13. 2. Urban Land Use Patterns and Evolution (2 sessions) Sept. 15, Tue Location, Land Value, and Land Use in the Monocentric City Readings: McDonald, J. 1997. Fundamentals of Urban Economics.* Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 79-132. O'Sullivan, A. 1994. Urban Economics. Homewood, IL: Irwin. pp. 201-261. Alonso, W. 1964. Location and Land Use. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Mills, E. 1972. Studies in the Structure of the Urban Economy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Wheaton, W. 1977. "Income and Urban Residence: An Analysis of Consumer Demand for Location", American Economic Review 67: 620-631. Sept. 17, Thu Industrial Transformation and Employment Decentralization (Essay questions distributed) Readings: Kasarda, J. 1995. "Industrial Restructuring and Changing Location of Jobs", in R. Farley, ed. State of the Union: America in the 1990s, Volume I: Economic Trends.* New York: Russel Sage Foundation. pp. 215-238. O'Sullivan, A. 1994. Urban Economics.* Homewood, IL: Irwin. pp. 263-288. DiPasquale, D. and W. Wheaton. 1996. Urban Economics and Real Estate Markets. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 91-122. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1995. The Technological Reshaping of Metropolitan America. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 3. Metropolitan Dispersal and Job Accessibility of Low-Skilled Workers (2 sessions) Sept. 22, Tue Residential Location, Automobility, and Job Accessibility Readings: Holzer, H. 1991. "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown", Urban Studies* 28: 105-122. Kasarda, J. 1995. "Industrial Restructuring and Changing Location of Jobs", in R. Farley, ed. State of the Union: America in the 1990s, Volume I: Economic Trends.* New York: Russel Sage Foundation. pp. 239-267. Morris, J. M., P. L. Dumble, and M. R. Wigan. 1979. "Accessibility Indicators for Transportation Planning", Transportation Research* A 13: 91-109. Shen, Q. 1997. "Location Characteristics of Inner-City Neighborhoods and Employment Accessibility of Low-wage Workers", Forthcoming in Environment and Planning B* 25. Taylor, B. and P. Ong. 1995. Spatial Mismatch or Automobile Mismatch? An Examination of Race, Residence and Commuting in US Metropolitan Areas", Urban Studies 32: 1453-1473. O'Regan, K. M. and Quigley, J. M. 1997. "Accessibility and Economic Opportunity", Unpublished Paper, Yale University. Wilson, W. 1996, When Work Disappears. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Sept. 24, Thu Accessibility and Labor Market Outcomes Readings: Gordon, P., A. Kumar, and H. Richardson. 1989. "The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Some New Evidence", Urban Studies* 26: 315-326. Ihlanfeldt, K. R. and D. L. Sjoquist. 1990. "Job Accessibility and Racial Differences in Youth Employment Rates", The American Economic Review* 80: 267-276. * Kain, J. F. 1968 "Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization", The Quarterly Journal of Economics 82: 175-197. O'Regan, K. M. and Quigley, J. M. 1996 "Spatial Effects upon Employment Outcomes: The Case of New Jersey Teenagers" New England Economic Review May/June, pp. 41-58. O'Sullivan, A. 1994. Urban Economics. Homewood, IL: Irwin. pp. 329-381. Simpson, W. 1992. Urban Structure and the Labour Market: Worker Mobility, Commuting, and Underemployment in Cities. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4. Strategies for Improving the Level of Accessibility (2 sessions) & 5. Methods of Urban Transportation Planning (3 sessions) Sept. 29, Tue Transportation Programs for Facilitating Welfare Reform (Guest Speaker: Dr. Joseph Coughlin, Director of Region One UTC) Readings: Lacombe, A. 1997, Welfare Reform and Access to Jobs in Boston.* Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation. Hughes, M. A. 1995. "A Mobility Strategy for Improving Opportunity", Housing Policy Debate 6: 271-297. Laube, M., W. Lyons, and P. vanderWilden. 1997. Transportation Planning for Access to Jobs. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, U.S. Department of Transportation. Ong, P. 1996. "Work and Car Ownership Among Welfare Recipients", Social Work Research 20: 255-262. Ong, P. and E. Blumenberg. 1998. "Job Access, Commute, and Travel Burden Among Welfare Recipients", Forthcoming, Urban Studies 35. Oct. 1, Thu Introduction to TransCAD I (lab session) (Essay due; Problem set distributed) Readings: Caliper Corporation. 1996. TransCAD User's Guide. Newton, MA: Caliper Corporation. Relevant Chapters. Oct. 6, Tue Alternative Transit Programs; Integration of Transportation with Housing, Service, and Job Placement *Readings:* Cervero, R. 1997. Paratransit in America: Redefining Mass Transportation.* Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. 3-30. Hanson, S. and G. Pratt. 1995. Gender, Work and Space.* New York: Routledge. pp. 93-119. Jones, D. Urban Transit Policy.* Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 1-27; 109-113. O'Sullivan, A. 1994. Urban Economics. Homewood, IL: Irwin. pp. 613-638. Rosenbaum, J. and Popkin, S. 1991. "Employment and Earnings of Low-Income Blacks Who Move to Middle-Class Suburbs", in C. Jencks and P. Peterson eds. The Urban Underclass. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Oct.8, Thu Introduction to TransCAD II (lab session) (Lab Assignment 2) Readings: Caliper Corporation. 1996. TransCAD User's Guide. Newton, MA: Caliper Corporation. Relevant Chapters. Oct. 15, Thu Restructure Urban Space through Land Use Planning (Problem set due; Final project assigned) Readings: Cervero, R. 1991. "Congestion Relief: The Land Use Alternative", Journal of Planning Education and Research* 10: 119-129. Giuliano, G. 1995, "The Weakening Transportation-Land Use Connection", Access* No. 6, pp. 3-11. Cervero, R. and J. Landis. 1995. "The Transportation-Land Use Connection Still Matters", Access* No. 7, pp. 2-10. Gordon, P., H. Richardson, and M-J. Jun. 1991. "The Commuting Paradox: Evidence from the Top Twenty", Journal of the American Planning Association 57: 416-420. Bourne, L. S. 1992. "Self-fulfilling Prophecies? Decentralization, Inner City Decline, and the Quality of Urban Life", Journal of the American Planning Association 58: 509-513. Newman, P. and J. Kenworthy 1992. "Is There a Role for Physical Planners?" Journal of the American Planning Association 58: 353-362. Oct. 20, Tue Transportation Analysis Using TransCAD (lab session) *Readings:* Caliper Corporation. 1996. TransCAD User's Guide. Newton, MA: Caliper Corporation. Relevant Chapters. 6. Impacts of Advanced Communication and Information Technologies (2 sessions) Oct. 22, Thu Virtual Space and the Coming of Informational Cities *Readings:* Batty, M. 1990. "Invisible Cities", Environment and Planning* B 17: 127-130. Hall, P. 1996. "Revisiting the Nonplace Urban Realm: Have We Come Full Circle?" International Planning Studies* 1: 7-15. Gottman, J. 1983. The Coming of the Transactional City. Institute of Urban Studies, University of Maryland, College Park. Graham, S. and Marvin, S. 1996. Telecommunications and the City: Electronic Spaces, Urban Places. New York: Routledge. Lemberg, D. 1996. "Gentleman Adventurers in the Information Age: Accessibility, Activity, and Urban Futures", Research Notes Presented in NCGIA Conference on Spatial Technologies, Geographic Information, and the City. Baltimore, Maryland. Meier, R. L. 1962. A Communications Theory of Urban Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Mitchell, J. W. 1995. City of Bits: Space, Place and the Infobahn. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Webber, M. M. 1996. "Tenacious Cities", Research Notes Presented in NCGIA Conference on Spatial Technologies, Geographic Information, and the City. Baltimore, Maryland. Webber, M. M. 1964. "The Urban Place and the Nonplace Urban Realm", in M. M. Webber ed. Explorations into Urban Structure. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Oct. 27, Tue The Technological and Social Construction of Urban Space Readings: Handy, S. and P. Mokhtarian. 1996. "The Future of Telecommuting", Futures* 28: 227-240. Mokhtarian, P. 1990. "A Typology of Relationships between Telecommunications and Transportation", Transportation Research A* 24: 231-242. Handy, S. and P. Mokhtarian. 1996. "Forecasting Telecommuting: An Exploration of Methodologies and Research Needs", Transportation 23: 163-190. Salomon, I. 1986. "Telecommunication and Travel Relationships: A Review", Transportation Research A 20: 223-238. Shen, Q. 1997. "Spatial Technologies, Accessibility, and the Social Construction of Urban Space", in P. K. Sikdar et al eds. Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management. New Delhi: Narosa. U.S. Department of Transportation. 1993. Transportation Implications of Telecommuting, Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. FINAL PROJECT AND PRESENTATION Oct. 29, Thu Students' Presentation of Final Project (Project report due)