Fluctuational QED

Radiation Pressure is a feature of non-equilibrium steady states with different temperatures

           

yellow ball At short scales "near-field effects" due to evanescent waves modify classical "Stefan-Boltzmann" law:

yellow ball  "Surface Phonon Polaritons Mediated Energy Transfer between Nanoscale Gaps," S.Shen, A. Narayanaswamy, G. Chen

Nano Lett. 9, 2909 (2009) Breaking the law, at the nanoscale (MIT news, July 29, 2009)

A generalized approach for computation of Casimir forces, as well as radiation and heat transfer.

yellow ball  "Nonequilibrium Fluctuational QED: Heat Radiation, Heat Transfer and Force,"

G. Bimonte, T. Emig, M. Kardar, and M. Krüger, Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 8, 119 (2017)

S.M. Rytov (1959):      "Fluctuational QED"

yellow ball  Fluctuating currents in each object are related to its temperature by a fluctuation-dissipation condition:

yellow ball  The EM field due to thermal fluctuations of one object is related to overall Green's function by:

yellow ball  The overall fluctuations with many objects at different temperatures is then given by:

yellow ball From EM correlations follow the stress tensor and the Poynting vector, hence forces and radiation.

  Heat transfer at short distances is dominated by evanescent modes at material dependent resonances.

For a single dominant frequency , the heat flux diverges at small separations as

           

Rytov formalism allows computation of fluctuations in force and heat, both in and out of thermal equilibrium

          

Linear response relates equilibrium fluctuations to responses to small perturbations:

yellow ball Green Kubo relation (explicitly confirmed) provide coefficient of thermal conductivity

yellow ball Friction coeficient in vacuum at finite temperature

yellow ball  Onsager relation (relying of symmetry of mixed expectation values) give

 "Nonequilibrium Fluctuational QED: Heat Radiation, Heat Transfer and Force,"

V. Golyk, M. Krüger, and M. Kardar, Phys. Rev. B 88, 155117 (2013). (offline)