Nonequilibrium QED


red ballRadiation Pressure arises in a non-equilibrium steady state with different temperatures

     

yellow ballAt short scales "near-field effects" due to evanescent waves modify classical "Stefan-Boltzmann" law:

yellow ball "Surface Phonon Polaritons Mediated Energy Transfer between Nanoscale Gaps," S.Shen, A. Narayanaswamy, & G. Chen,

Nano Lett. 9, 2909 (2009) Breaking the law, at the nanoscale (MIT news, July 29, 2009)

red ballA generalized approach for computation of Casimir forces, as well as radiation and heat transfer.

yellow ball "Nonequilibrium Electromagnetic Fluctuations: Heat Transfer and Interactions,"

M. Krüger, T. Emig, and M. Kardar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 210404 (2011)

Rytov (1959):      "Fluctuational QED"

yellow ball Fluctuating currents in each object are related to its temperature by a fluctuation-dissipation condition:

yellow ball The EM field due to thermal fluctuations of one object is related to overall Green's function by:

yellow ball The overall fluctuations with many objects at different temperatures is then given by:

yellow ball From EM correlations follow the stress tensor and the Poynting vector, hence forces and radiation.


red ball As example, consider levitation of a hot (tungsten) microsphere on top of a cold plate.


Near field effect qualitatively modify radiation pressure and heat transfer.