Equilibrium Pressure

 Particles:  Pressure is a function of state.

Force per unit area of the wall is a bulk property;

independent of the shape of the container and potentials at the wall

independent of the dynamics of the particles (momentum integrations)

For a dilute gas:     

 Radiation:  Photon density is temperature dependent:

Stefan-Boltzmann law of black-body pressure:

Next (Fluctuation force) Outline Equilibrium pressure Fluctuation-induced force Non-equilibrium pressure Active Matter pressure Wall curvature/tension Transient force Dyanmic Casimir Fluctuating Force Summary