02/14/85 list, ls Syntax as a command: ls {entrynames} {-control_args} Function: prints information about the entries in a single directory. There are five entry types supported by list: segments, multisegment files (MSFs), data management (DM) files, directories, and links. Segments, DM files, and MSFs are referred to collectively as files; segments, MSFs, DM files, and directories are referred to collectively as branches. Arguments: entrynames are the names of entries to be listed. The star convention can be used. If no entrynames are given, all entries in the directory (of the default types or the types specified by control arguments) are listed. A pathname can be given instead of an entryname, causing the entries specified by its entryname portion to be listed, in the directory specified by its directory portion. It is an error to specify more than one directory to be listed in a single invocation of the list command. Control arguments (directory): -pathname path, -pn path list entries in the directory named path. Note the restriction described above under "Arguments." Control arguments (entry type): -segment, -sm list segments. -multisegment_file, -msf list multisegment files. -data_management_file, -dmf lists data management files. -file, -f list information about files (i.e., segments, MSFs, and DM files). (Default) -directory, -dr list directories. -branch, -br list information about branches (i.e., segments, MSFs, DM files, and directories). -link, -lk list links. -all, -a list information about all entry types in the following order: segments, MSFs, DM files, directories, and links. Control arguments (column): (see also "Notes on columns" below) -date_time_entry_modified, -dtem print date-time-entry-modified in the modification-date column. -date_time_contents_modified, -dtcm print date-time-contents-modified in the modification-date column. -date_time_used, -dtu print date-time-used column. -mode, -md print mode column. -record, -rec print records used in size column. -length, -ln print length computed from bit count in size column. -name, -nm print names column. -count, -ct print name-count column, giving number of names. -link_path, -lp print link-path column. Control arguments (totals/header line): -total, -tt print only number of entries and sum of their sizes. -no_header, -nhe omit all heading lines and blank lines. Control arguments (multiple-name entry): -primary, -pri print only primary names in names column. -match print only names that match one of entryname arguments. Control arguments (entry order): -sort KEY, -sr KEY sort entries by specified key column (see "Notes on sorting"). -reverse, -rv reverse order of listing (reverses either directory order, or order of sorting if sorting was specified). Control arguments (entry exclusion): -exclude entryname, -ex entryname excludes entries that match entryname; more than one instance of this argument can be given. -first N, -ft N list only first N entries (after sorting, if it is specified) of each entry type being listed. -from DATE, -fm DATE excludes entries having date/time (dtem, dtcm, dtu) before DATE (see "Notes on dates" below). -to DATE excludes entries having date/time (dtem, dtcm, dtu) after DATE (see "Notes on dates"). Control arguments (output format): -brief, -bf either overrides default columns (see "Notes on defaults") or, if -tt given, prints totals information for all selected entry types on single line. -short, -sh print link paths starting two spaces after their names. List of sorting keys: The KEY field in "-sort KEY" can be-- name, nm sort by primary name, in ASCII collating sequence. record, rec sort by records, largest first. length, ln sort by bit count length, largest first. mode, md sort by mode; order: null, r or s, rw or sm, re, rew or sma. date_time_entry_modified, dtem sort by date-time-entry-modified, most recent first. date_time_contents_modified, dtcm sort by date-time-contents-modified, most recent first. count, ct sort by name count, highest first. Links can only be sorted by dtem, dtcm, nm, or ct. When sorting by other columns, links are listed in the order in which they are found in the directory. (See also "Defaults.") Notes: Use of the -name, -mode, -record, -length, or -brief control arguments overrides the default columns so that only the names column and explicitly selected columns are printed. Only one of the two modification dates, and only one of the two size figures can be used at any one time. Any combination of arguments that specifies both items from either pair (e.g., printing dtcm but sorting on dtem) is an error. Notes on columns: The column printing order is--modification date, dtu, mode, size, names, name count, and (for links only) link pathname. Modification date can be either date-time-contents-modified or date-time-entry-modified (dtm is accepted as dtem). Size can be either records used or length computed from the bit count (default). Notes on dates: The -from and -to control arguments compare DATE and date. The DATE string must be acceptable to the convert_date_to_binary_ subroutine. The date value is date-time-entry-modified (or date-time-contents-modified, if it is being printed or sorted on) in all cases except when date-time-used is the only date being printed or sorted on. Notes on defaults: Invoking list without any arguments is the same as typing: list -pn [wd] -file -mode -length -name If the sort column, COL, is omitted after -sort, the default sorting column is: modification-date, if it is being printed; otherwise date-time-used, if it is being printed; otherwise names. ----------------------------------------------------------- Historical Background This edition of the Multics software materials and documentation is provided and donated to Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Group BULL including BULL HN Information Systems Inc. as a contribution to computer science knowledge. This donation is made also to give evidence of the common contributions of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bell Laboratories, General Electric, Honeywell Information Systems Inc., Honeywell BULL Inc., Groupe BULL and BULL HN Information Systems Inc. to the development of this operating system. Multics development was initiated by Massachusetts Institute of Technology Project MAC (1963-1970), renamed the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence in the mid 1970s, under the leadership of Professor Fernando Jose Corbato. Users consider that Multics provided the best software architecture for managing computer hardware properly and for executing programs. Many subsequent operating systems incorporated Multics principles. Multics was distributed in 1975 to 2000 by Group Bull in Europe , and in the U.S. by Bull HN Information Systems Inc., as successor in interest by change in name only to Honeywell Bull Inc. and Honeywell Information Systems Inc. . ----------------------------------------------------------- Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute these programs and their documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,provided that the below copyright notice and historical background appear in all copies and that both the copyright notice and historical background and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the names of MIT, HIS, BULL or BULL HN not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the programs without specific prior written permission. Copyright 1972 by Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Honeywell Information Systems Inc. Copyright 2006 by BULL HN Information Systems Inc. Copyright 2006 by Bull SAS All Rights Reserved