Each one of these sentences contains one pair of etymological doublets — that is, one pair of words both of which are derived from a single word in an earlier language (or whose constituent morphemes each have this property):
concept/conceit < Latin conceptus
housewife/hussy < Old English hus + wif
unprovable/improbable < Indo-European *n- + Latin prob- + Latin -abilis
review/revise < Latin revisus
chamber/camera < Latin camera
hoosegow/judged < Latin iudica- + Indo-European *-tos
Yentl/Gentile < Old French Gentile
any/unique < Indo-European *oinikos
Rufus/Red < Indo-European *h1reudhos
debt/due < Latin debitus
Punch/five < Indo-European *penkwe
hyper/over < Indo-European *uper
inch/ounce < Latin uncia
lira/liter < Italic *lithra
of/off < Old English of
skirt/shirt < Germanic *skurtaz
owed/ought < Old English ag- + -de
palsy/paralysis < Latin paralysis
hemp/canvas < Indo-European *kannabis
employee/implicate < Latin implicatus
right/rectum < Indo-European *rektom
If you take the first word of each of these pairs and read the initials in order, you get CHURCHYARD PHILOSOPHER. An etymological doublet of CHURCHYARD which is the name of a philosopher is KIERKEGAARD, which is the answer to the puzzle.
2006 MIT Mystery Hunt