Seminar XXI Directors:

ROBERT J. ART, the Director of MIT's Seminar XXI Program, is Herter Professor of International Relations at Brandeis University, Senior Fellow in the Security Studies Program at MIT's Center for International Studies, and Research Associate at the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University. He has served as a consultant to the Secretary of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency. Professor Art's books include The TFX Decision: McNamara and the Military; Reorganizing America's Defense, with Samuel P. Huntington and Vincent Davis, eds.; U.S. Foreign Policy: The Search for a New Role with Seyom Brown, eds.; The United States and Coercive Diplomacy, with Patrick Cronin, eds.; Democracy and Counterterrorism, with Louise Richardson, eds.; A Grand Strategy for America; and America’s Grand Strategy and World Politics (forthcoming).

STEPHEN VAN EVERA, Seminar XXI’s Associate Director, is Professor of Political Science at MIT and also Associate Director of MIT’s Center for International Studies. He teaches international relations and security studies and writes on American foreign and defense policy. A former managing editor of the journal International Security, Professor Van Evera's books include Guide to Methods in Political Science and The Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict.

Seminar XXI Faculty (2007-2008):

RAWI ABDELAL is an Associate Professor at Harvard Business School in the Business, Government, and International Economy Unit, and a faculty associate of Harvard's Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies.  Professor Abdelal's first book, National Purpose in the World Economy, won the 2002 Shulman Prize as the outstanding book on the international relations of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.  His second book, Capital Rules, analyzes the social norms and legal rules of the international financial system. His most recent honors include Harvard Business School's Robert F. Greenhill Award and the Student Association's Faculty Award for outstanding teaching in the Required Curriculum.

SCOTT APPLEBY is Professor of History at the University of Notre Dame, where he directs the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. He earned his Ph.D. in religious history from the University of Chicago in 1985. Appleby is the author of The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence and Reconciliation; co-author (with Gabriel Almond and Emmanuel Sivan) of Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms Around the World; and co-editor, with Martin E. Marty, of the five-volume interdisciplinary public policy study known as The Fundamentalism Project.

HENRI BARKEY is the Chair of the Department of International Relations, and The Bernard and Bertha Cohen Chair at Lehigh University.  Dr. Barkey is one of America’s foremost scholars on Turkish politics. Between 1998 and 2000, he was a Member of the Policy Planning Staff at the State Department. His most recent publications are: Turkey’s Kurdish Question, with Graham E. Fuller; “Cyprus: The Predictable Crisis”, The National Interest, Vol. 66, with Philip H. Gordon; and “The Middle East after the Cold War,” in Oles Smolansky (ed.), The Lost Equilibrium. His articles have also appeared in the Brookings Policy Briefs, Journal of International Affairs, Middle East Policy, Middle East Journal, World Policy Journal, Journal of Democracy, Comparative Political Studies, Survival, Studies in Comparative International Development, and Armed Forces and Society.

JARRET BRACHMAN is the Director of Research in the Combating Terrorism Center at the United States Military Academy, West Point, and he is a specialist in al-Qa`ida strategy. Previously, he served as a Fellow in the Central Intelligence Agency's Counterterrorist Center. He conducts research on al-Qa`ida grand strategy, militant Salafi thought, and terrorist use of new media technologies. His publications include: Jihad Doctrine and Radical Islam. Dr. Brachman regularly advises government agencies on local, state, and federal levels on counterterrorism policy and speaks to a broad array of private sector and academic audiences.  He has appeared on CNN and CNN International.

STEVEN L. BURG is Adlai Stevenson Professor of International Politics at Brandeis University. He is currently participating in efforts to foster inter-ethnic accommodation and prevent further ethnic conflict in the Balkans through association with the Project on Ethnic Relations. He graduated from the University of Chicago and his expertise is in Comparative politics, Ethnic politics, East European politics and Conflict resolution. He is the co-author of The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina, with Paul Shoup, which received the Ralph Bunche Award of the American Political Science Association for the “best scholarly work in political science, which explores the phenomenon of ethnic and cultural pluralism.”  

DANIEL BYMAN is Associate Professor and Director of the Security Studies Program and the Center for Peace and Security Studies at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service.  He holds a joint appointment with the Georgetown Department of Government, and he is also a non-resident Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution.  Dr. Byman has served as a Professional Staff Member with both the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States (“The 9-11 Commission”) and the Joint 9/11 Inquiry Staff of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees. He has also worked as the Research Director of the Center for Middle East Public Policy at the RAND Corporation and as an analyst of the Middle East for the U.S. intelligence community.  Dr. Byman has written widely on a range of topics related to terrorism, international security, and the Middle East.  His latest book is Deadly Connections:  States that Sponsor Terrorism.

STEPHEN COHEN is Senior Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program of the Brookings Institution. He is also Adjunct Professor at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies and a member of the National Academy of Science's committee on arms control and security. Professor Cohen's many books include India: Emerging Power, The Pakistan Army, The Indian Army, and The Idea of Pakistan.

JAMES DOBBINS is the Director of the International Security and Defense Policy Center at RAND. His areas of expertise include: Iraq, Afghanistan, the Balkans, Europe, U.S. Foreign Relations, NATO, and trends and issues in international security. Dr. Dobbins is a veteran diplomat who has held senior White House and State Department positions under four Presidents, and most recently served as the Bush administration's special envoy for Afghanistan. His most recent publications include: The Effect of Terrorist Attacks in Spain on Transatlantic Cooperation in the War on Terror, Stabilization and Reconstruction Civilian Management Act of 2004, The UN’s Role in Nation-Building: from the Congo to Iraq, and The Beginner’s Guide to Nation-Building.

MICHAEL DOYLE is the Harold Brown Professor of United States Foreign and Security Policy, at Columbia University.  For two years he was on leave to work as UN Secretary General Kofi Annan's special advisor, having responsibilities in four areas -- strategic planning, the Global Compact (the UN's outreach effort to the global corporate sector), relations with the U.S. government, and relations with the global academic community. He also handled special projects, most importantly the negotiation of the Millennium Development Goals and the formulation of UN policy on issues of international migration. He has written two books, Empires, an analysis of imperialism, and Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism.

KIMBERLY ELLIOTT is a Research Fellow at the Institute for International Economics and has a joint appointment with the Center for Global Development. She is also a member of the Committee on Monitoring International Labor Standards at the National Research Council.  Much of her work focuses on the uses of economic leverage in international negotiations, including both economic sanctions for foreign policy goals and trade threats and sanctions in commercial disputes, and in recent years has turned to broader globalization issues, including the backlash against globalization, the role of developing countries in the trade system, international labor standards, and the causes and consequences of transnational corruption. Her IIE publications include, Delivering on Doha: Farm Trade and the Poor (2006); Can Labor Standards Improve Under Globalization?; Corruption and the Global Economy; Reciprocity and Retaliation in US Trade Policy; Measuring the Costs of Protection in the United States; Economic Sanctions Reconsidered (2nd. ed., 1990); and Auction Quotas and United States Trade Policy.

VANDA FELBAB-BROWN is an Assistant Professor at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and specialized in international security issues and American foreign policy. Her awards have included a predoctoral fellowship at Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2005-06) and research grants from the Center for European Studies, Harvard University and the Olin Center, Harvard University. Among her most recent publications is “Kicking the Opium Habit? Afghanistan's Drug Economy and Politics since the 1980s,” Journal of Conflict, Security and Development.

SUMIT GANGULY is the Rabindranath Tagore Professor of Indian Cultures and Civilizations and Director of the India Studies Program at Indiana University in Bloomington. Professor Ganguly's research and writing interests are focused on South and South-East Asia. He has been a guest scholar and a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and a visiting fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University. His books include Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947; Fearful Symmetry: India and Pakistan Under the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons, co-authored with Devin Hagerty; Kashmir: Portents of War, Hopes of Peace And More Than Words: U.S.-India Security Cooperation Into the Twenty-First Century, edited with Andrew Scobell and Brian Shoup.  He is the founding editor of the journal, The India Review, published by Frank Cass.

GREGORY GAUSE, III is Associate Professor of political science at the University of Vermont, and Director of the University's Middle East Studies Program. His research interests focus on the international politics of the Middle East, with a particular interest in the Arabian Peninsula and the Persian/Arabian Gulf. Dr. Gause's scholarly articles have appeared in Foreign Affairs, Middle East Journal, Washington Quarterly, Journal of International Affairs, and Review of International Studies and numerous edited volumes. His most recent books include Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States, and Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence.

BRUCE HOFFMAN is Professor of International Relations at Georgetown University, and former Director of The RAND Corporation Washington, D.C. office. He was the founding Director of the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, where he chaired the Department of International Relations. Dr. Hoffman is Editor-in-Chief of the journal Studies in Conflict and Terrorism and a member of the advisory board of Terrorism and Political Violence. His latest book is entitled Inside Terrorism. Dr. Hoffman was author of the cover story “The Logic of Suicide Terrorism” for the June 2003 issue of the Atlantic Monthly.

JOLYON HOWORTH is Jean Monnet Professor of European Politics at the University of Bath (UK) and a Visiting Professor of Political Science at Yale (2002-2010). He is also a Senior Research Associate at the Institute Français des Relations Internationales (Paris), a Fellow of the Royal Society for the Arts (UK), Chevalier dans l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques (France), and Member of the Advisory Boards of the European Institute for Public Administration (Netherlands), and the Centre for the Study of Security and Diplomacy (UK). He has published extensively in the field of European politics and history, especially security and defense policy and transatlantic relations. His most recent books include: Security and Defence Policy in the European Union; Defending Europe: The EU, NATO and the Quest for European Autonomy, (edited with John Keeler); and European Integration and Defence: the Ultimate Challenge?

SETH JONES is a Political Scientist at the RAND Corporation and Adjunct Professor at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C. He was also a professor at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. Dr. Jones is a well-known expert on Afghanistan and U.S. foreign policy. Jones is the author of The Rise of European Security Cooperation. He has published articles on U.S. foreign policy in The National Interest, Political Science Quarterly, Security Studies, the Chicago Journal of International Law, International Affairs, and Survival, as well as such newspapers and magazines as The New York Times, Newsweek, Financial Times, International Herald Tribune, and Chicago Tribune.

TERRY KARL is Professor of Political Science, William and Gretchen Kimball University Fellow, and Senior Fellow of the Stanford Institute for International Studies. Dr. Karl was educated at Stanford University, where she received her BA, MA and Ph.D. with distinction, and where she returned to teach in 1987. Dr. Karl has published widely on comparative politics and international relations, with special emphasis on the politics of oil-exporting countries, transitions to democracy, problems of inequality, human rights and civil wars, and contemporary Latin American politics. Dr. Karl's many books include:  The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States; Limits to Competition (Co-authored with members of the Group of Lisbon of the European Commission); Oil and Conflict (with Mary Kaldor); and a monograph on ending impunity, centering on the trial of Romagoza et al versus General Garcia et al, the first successful jury trial of war criminals in the US.

CHAIM KAUFMANN is Associate Professor at Lehigh University specializing in International relations theory, security (issues of war and peace), nationalism, and ethnic conflict.  He received his Ph.D. at Columbia.  His recent publications include “Separating Iraqis, Saving Iraq,” Foreign Affairs 85:4 (July/August 2006); “Divided and Conquered,  Iraq Descends into Civil War,” Forward, April 7, 2006; “Partition Theory” in the Marketplace of Ideas, and in Iraq, in Mia Bloom and Roy Licklider, eds., Living Together After Ethnic Killing: Exploring the Chaim Kaufmann Argument.

ANDREY KORTUNOV is President of the Eurasia Foundation in charge of its operations in Russia and an expert for the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Russian State Duma. He is the President of the Information Scholarship Education Center (ISE) and a member of the Educational Board of the Open Society Institute. He specializes in problems of international security, and focuses on the emergence of security arrangements and political systems in the states of the former Soviet Union. Mr. Kortunov works extensively with the global academic community and is a member of numerous editorial boards, including Sreda, Higher Education Monthly, and USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology. He has been a syndicated columnist (Novosti) and has appeared on ABC, NBC, CBS, PBS, CNN, BBC, ITN, and CBC, as well as numerous Russian TV programs. His major recent publications include Russia and UN Reforms, and Disintegration of the Soviet Union and US Policies.

CHAPPELL LAWSON is Associate Professor of Political Science and Class of 1954 Career Development Professor. Professor Lawson's major interests are Latin American politics, Mexican politics, democratization, political communication, political behavior, and U.S. foreign policy. His current research focuses on the relationship between citizens' political skills and the quality of democracy across a range of countries. Professor Lawson's recent books include Building the Fourth Estate: Democratization and Media Opening in Mexico, and Mexico's Pivotal Democratic Election, co-edited with Jorge Domínguez.

CHRISTOPHER LAYNE is Associate Professor of Public Policy at the Bush School, Texas A&M University. His writings have appeared in the Atlantic, New York Times, Washington Post, International Security, and National Interest, among many other publications. Professor Layne received his Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley. He also holds degrees from Cambridge University; the University of Virginia Law School; and the University of Southern California. He is the author of The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present, and American Empire: A Debate, with Bradley A. Thayer.

KEIR LIEBER is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Notre Dame, and faculty fellow at Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies and the Nanovic Institute for European Studies. Lieber specializes in international relations theory, international conflict and security, and U.S. foreign policy. He is author of War and the Engineers: The Primacy of Politics over Technology, which explores the relationship between technological change and the causes of war, and his most recent articles appear in International Security and Foreign Affairs. His current book project explores the causes and consequences of U.S. nuclear weapons policy.

MARC LYNCH is Associate Professor of Political Science at George Washington University and the Elliott School of International Affairs. He received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Cornell University and his BA from Duke University in 1990. He works on international politics, with a specialty on the Middle East. His current research interests focus on the relationship between new media technologies and Islamist movements, public diplomacy, and Arab public opinion. He also runs the popular Middle East politics blog Abu Aardvark. He is the author of State Interests and Public Spheres: The International Politics of Jordan's Identity, and Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, al-Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today.

JOHN MEARSHEIMER is the R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, where he is also Co-director of the Program on International Security Policy. Professor Mearsheimer has written extensively about security issues and international politics more generally. He has published three books: Conventional Deterrence, which won the Edgar S. Furniss, Jr., Book Award, Liddell Hart and the Weight of History, and The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, which won the Joseph Lepgold Book Prize. He has also written many articles that have appeared in academic journals like International Security, and popular magazines like The Atlantic Monthly, and a number of op-ed pieces for The New York Times dealing with topics like Bosnia, nuclear proliferation, American policy towards India, and the failure of Arab-Israeli peace efforts. Professor Mearsheimer has just completed a book with Stephen Walt on the Israeli Lobby and American politics. His current work focuses on nationalism and international relations.

ANDREW NATSIOS serves on the faculty of the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. From 2001 to 2005, he was the Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). From 1989 to 1991, Natsios served as Director of the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance and as Assistant Administrator for the Bureau for Food and Humanitarian Assistance (now the Bureau for Humanitarian Response).  From 1993 to 1998, Mr. Natsios was Vice President of World Vision. He is a graduate of Georgetown University and Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. He has written numerous articles on foreign policy and humanitarian emergencies and two books: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1997), and The Great North Korean Famine (U.S. Institute of Peace 2001)

KENNETH OYE is Director of the Political Economy and Technology Program at MIT. Professor Oye's research areas include international political economy, American foreign policy, and international relations theory. His books include Economic Discrimination and Political Exchange: World Political Economy in the 1930s and 1980s; Eagle in a New World: American Grand Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era; and Cooperation under Anarchy. His short pieces include chapters and articles for the Institute for International Economics, World Politics, and the Journal of Theoretical Politics. He has taught at Harvard University, Princeton University, and Swarthmore College, has been a Guest Scholar at the Brookings Institution, and has served on the advisory committee to the Export-Import Bank. Between 1997 and 1999, he served as Director of Seminar XXI.

DARYL PRESS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. His recent publications include, “The End of MAD? The Nuclear Dimension of U.S. Primacy,” with Keir Lieber, which appeared in Foreign Affairs, and Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threat. His current research centers on the consequences for the Middle East of Iranian nuclear weapons. Press is associated with the Olin Institute at Harvard University since 2001 and the MIT Security Studies Program since 2003. He has made numerous radio and television appearances, including WBUR’s “On Point” and the BBC’s “The World”.

GERARD PRUNIER is Researcher at the Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique in Paris, and former Director of the French Center for Ethiopian Studies in Addis-Ababa. He received his Ph.D. in African History from the University of Paris in 1981 and joined the Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique in Paris in 1984. Dr. Prunier has done extensive research on Eastern Africa and the Horn of Africa, publishing approximately 120 articles and five books over the past 18 years.  He was a key figure in the French Ministry Defense’s crisis unit in Rwanda, which oversaw France’s intervention in Rwanda in Operation Turquoise.  His latest publications are The Rwanda Crisis: History of the Genocide; From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa; and Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide.

ROBERT ROSS is a Professor of Political Science at Boston College and a research associate at the Fairbanks East Asian Center at Harvard University.  His research focuses on Chinese foreign and defense policy, with an emphasis on Chinese use of force and deterrence strategies, China’s security policy in East Asia, and U.S.-China relations. His current research project examines deterrence dynamics in the Taiwan Strait, the Korean Peninsula, and the South China Sea, and Chinese-American naval competition in East Asia. His books include U.S. China Relations, 1955-1971: A Reexamination of Cold War Conflict and Cooperation; Engaging China: The Management of an Emerging Power; The Great Wall and Empty Fortress: China's Search for Security with Andrew Nathan; and with Zhu Feng, eds., International Relations Theory and the Rise of China.

RICHARD SAMUELS is Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for International Studies. He is also the Founding Director of the MIT Japan Program. In 2001 he became Chairman of the Japan-US Friendship Commission, an independent Federal grant-making agency that supports Japanese studies and policy-oriented research in the United States. Dr. Samuels' most recent book is Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia. Some of his previous books are: Machiavelli's Children: Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan, a comparative political and economic history of political leadership in Italy and Japan, which received the 2004 Marraro prize from the Society for Italian Historical Studies, and the 2004 Jervis-Schroeder Prize of the American Political Science Association; Rich Nation, Strong Army: National Security and the Technological Transformation of Japan, winner of the 1996 John Whitney Hall Prize; The Business of the Japanese State: Energy Markets in Comparative and Historical Perspective, and Politics of Regional Policy in Japan.

ADAM SEGAL is the Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is an expert on Chinese domestic politics, technology development, foreign policy, and security issues. Dr. Segal currently leads the Council on Foreign Relations study group on Asian innovation and technological entrepreneurship.   Dr. Segal previously served as Project Director for a Council Independent Task Force on Chinese military modernization. Dr. Segal has written a book Digital Dragon: High-Technology Enterprises in China as well as several articles and book chapters in The New York Times, Foreign Affairs, The Los Angeles Times, and The Washington Quarterly.

JOMO KWAME SUNDARAM is the Assistant Secretary-General on Economic Development, Department of Economic and Social Affairs at the United Nations. He was formerly Professor in the Applied Economics Department at the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. He is Founder and Chair of IDEAs, or International Development Economics Associates. He served on the Advisory Board of the United Nations Research Institute on Social Development (UNRISD). He was President of the Malaysian Social Science Association, and also served on the Pro-tem Committee of the Asian Social Science Association (1980-1984) and the Executive Committee of the International Peace Research Association. Jomo’s extensive writings have covered industrial policy, privatization, rent-seeking, cronyism, financial liberalization, macroeconomic policy impacts, economic distribution, ethnic relations, Islam and Malaysian history. His most recent books include Malaysia’s Political Economy: Politics, Patronage and Profits;Tigers in Trouble: Financial Governance, Liberalization and Crises in East Asia;Rents, Rent-Seeking and Economic Development: Theory and the Asian Evidence; Malaysian Eclipse: Economic Crisis and Recovery; Globalization Versus Development: Heterodox Perspectives; Southeast Asia’s Industrialization: Industrial Policy, Capabilities and Sustainability; Southeast Asia’s Paper Tigers: From Miracle To Debacle And Beyond; Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia; and After The Storm: Crisis, Recovery and Sustaining Development in East Asia.

RAY TAKEYH is a Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. His areas of specialization are Iran, the Persian Gulf, and U.S. foreign policy. He is also a contributing editor at The National Interest. Dr. Takeyh was previously a Professor of National Security Studies at the National War College; Professor and Director of Studies at the Near East and South Asia Center, National Defense University; Fellow in International Security Studies at Yale University; Fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy; and Fellow at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Takeyh is currently working on a book entitled The Guardians of the Revolution: Iran’s Approach to the World. He is the author of a number of previous books including Hidden Iran: Paradox and Power in the Islamic Republic and The Origins of the Eisenhower Doctrine: The U.S., Britain and Nasser’s Egypt, 1953–1957. Dr. Takeyh has testified frequently at various congressional committees and has appeared on The News Hour with Jim Lehrer, The Charlie Rose Show, NBC, CBS, CNN, BBC, FOX, and C-SPAN.

STACY VANDEVEER is Co-Director of the MA program in Political Science at the University of New Hampshire. Professor VanDeveer’s research interests include international environmental policymaking and its domestic impacts, the connections between environmental and security issues, and the role of expertise in policy making. He spent two years as a post-doctoral research fellow in the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government after getting his Ph.D from the University of Maryland. He has authored and co-authored numerous articles, book chapters, working papers and reports, and two co-edited books: Saving the Seas: Values, Scientists and International Governance (with L. Anathea Brooks), and Enlargement and the Environment: Institutional Change and Environmental Policy in Central and Eastern Europe (with JoAnn Carmin).

ASHUTOSH VARSHNEY is Professor of Political Science and Director at the Center for South Asian Studies, at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He has previously taught at Harvard University. His most recent work, Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India, won the Gregory Luebbert Prize of the American Political Science Association for the best book in comparative politics in 2002, was also a Choice magazine’s “outstanding academic title”, and a Kiriyama Prize “Notable”. His other books are: India in the Era of Economic Reforms, co-edited with Jeffrey Sachs. He is currently working on a project on cities and ethnic conflict, drawing his materials from several countries, and on the politics of state-level economic reforms in India. He has served on:  UN Secretary General Kofi Annan’s Millennium Task Force on Poverty (2002-05), with a brief to work on the links between ethnic conflict and poverty; the South Asia Task Force of the Council on Foreign Relations; and the Advisory Board of the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

TAMARA WITTES directs the Project on Arab Democracy and Development at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at The Brookings Institution. She has taught in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and was one of the first recipients of the Rabin-Peres Peace Award, established by President Bill Clinton in 1997. She is currently completing the manuscript Freedom’s Unsteady March: America’s Role in Advancing Arab Democracy (Brookings Press). Her most recent publication is What Price Freedom? Assessing the Bush Administration’s Freedom Agenda (September 2006). Her work has been published in Policy Review, Political Science Quarterly, the Weekly Standard, and the Chronicle of Higher Education, among others. Dr. Wittes holds a B.A. in Judaic and Near Eastern Studies from Oberlin College; her M.A. and Ph.D. in Government are from Georgetown University.

PHILIP ZELIKOW is White Burkett Miller Professor of History at the University of Virginia. Dr. Zelikow was Counselor of the U.S. Department of State from February 2005 to February 2006, where he served as a senior policy advisor on a wide range of issues to the Secretary of State. Before that appointment, Dr. Zelikow served as the Executive Director of the 9/11 Commission. Formerly a trial and appellate attorney in Houston, Zelikow was a career foreignservice officer overseas, in the Department, and on detail to the NSC staff. He has taught at Harvard University and was Director of the Miller Center for Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. He is a former member of the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (2001-2003), and also directed the privately-sponsored Carter-Ford Commission on Federal Election Reform, which led to the Help America Vote Act of 2002. Dr. Zelikow received his BA in history from the University of Redlands, his JD from the University of Houston, and his MA and Ph.D. degrees in international law and diplomacy from Tufts University’s Fletcher School. Among his books are Germany United and Europe Transformed, with Condoleezza Rice; and The Kennedy Tapes, with Ernest May.