References

The following resources were consulted while compiling this site; they are listed in the order in which I started using them.

[1] China the Beautiful. Chronology of Dynasties and Reign of Emperors. http://www.chinapage.com/dyna3.html. (publication date unknown).

This page is quite reliable, and in addition to the dynasties, it lists the emperors of several major dynasties. It also has a link to a list of dynasties in GIF format. Traditional Chinese font (Big5) is required to read this page.

[2] Lieberthal, Kenneth G., Wilbur, C. Martin, and Young, Ernest P. Article on China. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=127705. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (publication date unknown).

EB is probably the most reliable and detailed source of information that I could find on the Internet. Unfortunately, EB no longer offers free viewing of complete articles on-line.

[3] Ross, Kelley L. Emperors of the Sangoku , the "Three Kingdoms," of India, China, & Japan. http://www.friesian.com/sangoku.htm. Los Angeles Valley College, Department of Philosophy. 2001.

This page contains very long lists of dynasties and emperors of India, China, and Japan, including commentaries on various periods in those nations' histories. Unfortunately, some of the information is incomplete and rather dubious at times.

[4] Wei, Seke. Era and Timeline of Chinese History. http://w3.sys.es.osaka-u.ac.jp/~seke/tsaou/romanize/eraname.html. 2001.

This is the most detailed yet concise list of Chinese dyasties, emperors and general events I have ever seen. Traditional Chinese font (Big5) is required to read this page.

[5] Xinhua News Service. Table of Chinese Dynasties. http://202.84.17.11/english/china_abc/. 2000.

This was published by the official news agency of the People's Republic of China. In addition to dynasties, lists of Ming and Qing emperors are also included. Simplified Chinese font (GB) is required to read this page.

[6] zhongwen.com. Chinese Dynasties. http://zhongwen.com/chaodai.htm. 2001.

zhongwen.com is a site dedicated to helping people learn about China's people, language, history, and culture. It also has its own dictionary, and one can click on the dynastic names to obtain their meanings.

[7] Noll, Paul. Selections in Chinese Dynasties. http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty/index.html.

This is the website of a Chinese history enthusiast. I used the following from Mr. Noll's site:

[7a] http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty/history-Emperors.html.
[7b] http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty/dynasty-disunity.html.

[8] The City of Shenyang. http://www.ameson.org/amesonchina/ichina/shenyang.html.

I used this for information about Shenyang.

[9] China 10K. http://www.china10k.com/english/history/.

Another great Chinese history site.

[10] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://www.wikipedia.org.

Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia where anyone can edit any article at any time. This, of course, means that the information may not be 100% reliable, but because of the efforts of Wikipedia enthusiastics ("Wikipedians"), I used information from many articles related to Chinese history.

[11] Theobald, Uli. Chinaknowledge, A Universal Guide for China Studies. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html.

Chinaknowledge is an excellent site. It explains various aspects of each dynasty and period, and includes some maps.

[12] Chinese Dynasties. http://www.crystalinks.com/chinadynasties.html.

This summarizes each dynasty.

[13] 中國疆域的變遷/李天鳴著, 台北市; 故宮, 民86. ISBN 957-562-291-X (上), ISBN 957-562-292-8 (下).

I got this book from the bookstore of the National Palace Museum in Taipei. It contains maps and commentary on how the national boundaries of China changed through the years.

[14] Silk Road Timeline. http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/exhibit/timeline.html.

This describes the civilizations of the Silk Road. It mentions the Former Qin dynasty with the Northern Wei.

[15] 附錄總目次. http://www.edu.tw/mandr/clc/dict/htm/fulu/fumain.htm.

This site has lists of various things. In particular, I used the following three. Traditional Chinese is required to read these pages.

[15a] 附錄一: 中國歷代紀年表 (List of dynasties): http://140.111.1.22/mandr/clc/dict/htm/fulu/cd.htm.
[15b] 附錄二: 中國歷代帝王年表 (List of emperors and kings): http://140.111.1.22/mandr/clc/dict/htm/fulu/dw.htm.
[15c] 附錄三: 中國歷代年號索引表 (List of reign titles): http://140.111.1.22/mandr/clc/dict/htm/fulu/nh.htm.

[16] http://www.chn-asia.com/html/beijing_info.html.

This lists the dynasties and capitals (English). Fortunately, it uses many of the contemporary names, but is a bit incomplete.

[17] Nanjing Survey. http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/english/subindex/Historicevolution.htm.

This described Nanjing history from the Nanjing Municipal Government website.

[18] Xie Chengnuo. chineseeyes: A History of China. http://tse.dyndns.org/~sktse.

This site contains lists of all the states and dynasties (even very obscure ones), their rulers, and their capitals, which is exactly what I need, but it is not well-organized and some infomation is missing. I definitely need to check this later.

[19] History of China: Timeline of Ancient Chinese History. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/.

TravelChinaGuide has great historical info about capital cities (see Liao and Jin, etc); I need to check it out.

[20] 遠東漢英大辭典 Far East Chinese-English Dictionary. 1993. 遠東圖書公司印行.

My favorite Chinese-English dictionary.

[21] Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis of China. http://www.uglychinese.org.

This site contains detailed histories of all the time periods.

[23] Perkins, Dorothy. Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture. 1999. Roundtable Press, Inc.

Good summary of various historical figures and periods.

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Last modified on November 7, 2003.