Abstract
Entrainment to music requires vocal mimicry: Evidence from non-human animals
The human music capacity consists of certain core phenomena, including the tendency to
entrain, or align movement, to an external auditory pulse [1-3]. This ability, fundamental both for
music production and for coordinated dance, is repeatedly highlighted as uniquely human [4-11].
However, it has recently been hypothesized that entrainment evolved as the byproduct of vocal
mimicry, generating the strong prediction that only vocal mimicking animals may be able to entrain
[12,13]. We provide comparative data demonstrating the existence of two proficient vocal
mimicking non-human animals (parrots) that entrain to music, spontaneously producing
synchronized movements resembling human dance. We also provide an extensive comparative
dataset from a global video database, systematically analyzed for evidence of entrainment in
hundreds of species both capable and incapable of vocal mimicry. Despite the higher
representation of vocal non-mimics in the database and comparable exposure of mimics and non-
mimics to humans and music, only vocal mimics showed evidence of entrainment. We conclude
that entrainment is not unique to humans, and that the distribution of entrainment across species
supports the hypothesis that entrainment evolved as a byproduct of selection for vocal mimicry.
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Copyright (C) Timothy Brady, 2007.