rankMatrix {Matrix}R Documentation

Rank of a Matrix

Description

Compute ‘the’ matrix rank, a well-defined functional in theory(*), somewhat ambigous in practice. We provide several methods, the default corresponding to Matlab's definition.

(*) The rank of a n x m matrix A, rk(A) is the maximal number of linearly independent columns (or rows); hence rk(A) <= min(n,m).

Usage

rankMatrix(x, tol = NULL,
           method = c("tolNorm2", "qr.R", "qrLINPACK", "qr",
                      "useGrad", "maybeGrad"),
           sval = svd(x, 0, 0)$d, warn.t = TRUE)

Arguments

x

numeric matrix, of dimension n x m, say.

tol

nonnegative number specifying a (relative, “scalefree”) tolerance for testing of “practically zero” with specific meaning depending on method; by default, max(dim(x)) * .Machine$double.eps is according to Matlab's default (for its only method which is our method="tolNorm2").

method

a character string specifying the computational method for the rank, can be abbreviated:

"tolNorm2":

the number of singular values >= tol * max(sval);

"qrLINPACK":

for a dense matrix, this is the rank of qr(x, tol, LAPACK=FALSE) (which is qr(...)$rank);
This ("qr*", dense) version used to be the recommended way to compute a matrix rank for a while in the past.

For sparse x, this is equivalent to "qr.R".

"qr.R":

this is the rank of triangular matrix R, where qr() uses LAPACK or a "sparseQR" method (see qr-methods) to compute the decomposition QR. The rank of R is then defined as the number of “non-zero” diagonal entries d_i of R, and “non-zero”s fulfill |d_i| >= tol * max(|d_i|).

"qr":

is for back compatibility; for dense x, it corresponds to "qrLINPACK", whereas for sparse x, it uses "qr.R".

For all the "qr*" methods, singular values sval are not used, which may be crucially important for a large sparse matrix x, as in that case, when sval is not specified, the default, computing svd() currently coerces x to a dense matrix.

"useGrad":

considering the “gradient” of the (decreasing) singular values, the index of the smallest gap.

"maybeGrad":

choosing method "useGrad" only when that seems reasonable; otherwise using "tolNorm2".

sval

numeric vector of non-increasing singular values of x; typically unspecified and computed from x when needed, i.e., unless method = "qr".

warn.t

logical indicating if rankMatrix() should warn when it needs t(x) instead of x. Currently, for method = "qr" only, gives a warning by default because the caller often could have passed t(x) directly, more efficiently.

Value

If x is a matrix of all 0, the rank is zero; otherwise, a positive integer in 1:min(dim(x)) with attributes detailing the method used.

Note

For large sparse matrices x, unless you can specify sval yourself, currently method = "qr" may be the only feasible one, as the others need sval and call svd() which currently coerces x to a denseMatrix which may be very slow or impossible, depending on the matrix dimensions.

Note that in the case of sparse x, method = "qr", all non-strictly zero diagonal entries d_i where counted, up to including Matrix version 1.1-0, i.e., that method implicitly used tol = 0, see also the seed(42) example below.

Author(s)

Martin Maechler; for the "*Grad" methods, building on suggestions by Ravi Varadhan.

See Also

qr, svd.

Examples

rankMatrix(cbind(1, 0, 1:3)) # 2

(meths <- eval(formals(rankMatrix)$method))

## a "border" case:
H12 <- Hilbert(12)
rankMatrix(H12, tol = 1e-20) # 12;  but  11  with default method & tol.
sapply(meths, function(.m.) rankMatrix(H12, method = .m.))
## tolNorm2    qr   qr.R  qrLINPACK  useGrad maybeGrad
##       11    12     11         12       11        11
## The meaning of 'tol' for method="qrLINPACK" and *dense* x is not entirely "scale free"
rMQL <- function(ex, M) rankMatrix(M, method="qrLINPACK",tol = 10^-ex)
rMQR <- function(ex, M) rankMatrix(M, method="qr.R",     tol = 10^-ex)
sapply(5:15, rMQL, M = H12) # result is platform dependent
##  7  7  8 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12  {x86_64}
sapply(5:15, rMQL, M = 1000 * H12) # not identical unfortunately
##  7  7  8 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 12
sapply(5:15, rMQR, M = H12)
##  5  6  7  8  8  9  9 10 10 11 11
sapply(5:15, rMQR, M = 1000 * H12) # the *same*


## "sparse" case:
M15 <- kronecker(diag(x=c(100,1,10)), Hilbert(5))
sapply(meths, function(.m.) rankMatrix(M15, method = .m.))
#--> all 15, but 'useGrad' has 14.

## "large" sparse
n <- 250000; p <- 33; nnz <- 10000
L <- sparseMatrix(i = sample.int(n, nnz, replace=TRUE),
                  j = sample.int(p, nnz, replace=TRUE), x = rnorm(nnz))
(st1 <- system.time(r1 <- rankMatrix(L)))                # warning+ ~1.5 sec (2013)
(st2 <- system.time(r2 <- rankMatrix(L, method = "qr"))) # considerably faster!
r1[[1]] == print(r2[[1]]) ## -->  ( 33  TRUE )

## another sparse-"qr" one, which ``failed'' till 2013-11-23:
set.seed(42)
f1 <- factor(sample(50, 1000, replace=TRUE))
f2 <- factor(sample(50, 1000, replace=TRUE))
f3 <- factor(sample(50, 1000, replace=TRUE))
rbind. <- if(getRversion() < "3.2.0") rBind else rbind
D <- t(do.call(rbind., lapply(list(f1,f2,f3), as, 'sparseMatrix')))
dim(D); nnzero(D) ## 1000 x 150 // 3000 non-zeros (= 2%)
stopifnot(rankMatrix(D,           method='qr') == 148,
	  rankMatrix(crossprod(D),method='qr') == 148)

## zero matrix has rank 0 :
stopifnot(sapply(meths, function(.m.)
                        rankMatrix(matrix(0, 2, 2), method = .m.)) == 0)
[Package Matrix version 1.2-12 Index]