Flaws of Averages

Flaws of Averages
English

Instructors

Daniel Livengood
Rhonda Jordan

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA

Introduction

This learning video presents an introduction to the Flaws of Averages using three exciting examples: the “crossing of the river” example, the “cookie” example, and the “dance class” example. Averages are often worthwhile representations of a set of data by a single descriptive number. The objective of this module, however, is to simply point out a few pitfalls that could arise if one is not attentive to details when calculating and interpreting averages. Most students at any level in high school can understand the concept of the flaws of averages presented here. The essential prerequisite knowledge for this video lesson is the ability to calculate an average from a set of numbers. Materials needed include: pen and paper for the students; and a blackboard or equivalent. During this video lesson, students will learn about three flaws of averages: (1) The average is not always a good description of the actual situation, (2) The function of the average is not always the same as the average of the function, and (3) The average depends on your perspective. To convey these concepts, the students are presented with the three real world examples mentioned above. The total length of the four in-class video segments is 12 minutes, leaving lots of time in a typical class session for the teacher to work with the students on their own learning examples (such as those from the supplementary notes) to firm up the ideas presented here on the flaws of averages.

Instructor Biography

Rhonda L. Jordan is a Ph.D. student in the Engineering Systems Division at MIT and is interested in sustainable energy development in developing economies. 

Daniel J. Livengood is a Ph.D. student in the Engineering Systems Division at MIT and is interested in how the evolution of the electric grid will incorporate responsive electricity demand to help manage the grid most efficiently, especially as weather-dependent sources of electricity supply (such as wind turbines) become larger percentages of the installed capacity.

Additional Online Resources

Betting the Business
See this blog where one can buy 'futures financial contracts' relating to the amount of snow that falls in an area. The discussion uncovers yet another Flaw of Averages.

Wikipedia: Jensen's inequality
Jensen’s Inequality (i.e. the function of the average is not always the same as the average of the function)

Wikipedia: Lake Wobegon
Lake Wobegon, where “…all the children are above average” (see the Teacher’s Segment for ‘the average depends on your perspective’)

American Clean Power
Power Generated by a Wind Turbine

The following two sites relate to Expected Value & Arithmetic Mean
Wolfram MathWorld: Arithmetic Mean
Wikipedia: Expected value

The following two sites relate to Random Variables
Wolfram MathWorld: Random Variable
Wikipedia: Random variable

The following site relates to Probability Distributions
Wikipedia: Probability distribution

The following two sites relate to Discrete Distributions
Wolfram MathWorld: Discrete Distribution
Wikipedia: Probability distribution

The following two sites relate to Normal Distribution
Wolfram MathWorld: Normal Distribution
Wikipedia: Normal distribution

The following two sites relate to Exponential Distribution
Wolfram MathWorld: Exponential Distribution
Wikipedia: Exponential distribution