Class materials and links
Further readings
Modals
- Angelika Kratzer. 1981. The notional category of modality. In Hans-Jürgen Eikmeyer & Hannes Rieser (eds.), Words, worlds, and contexts: New approaches in word semantics (Research in Text Theory 6), 38–74. Berlin: de Gruyter.
- Angelika Kratzer. 1991. Modality. In Arnim von Stechow & Dieter Wunderlich (eds.), Semantics: An international handbook of contemporary research, 639–650. Berlin: de Gruyter. https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/kratzer/kratzer-modality.pdf
- There are updated versions of Kratzer’s classic papers in her volume “Modals and conditionals” (https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234684.001.0001).
- Kai von Fintel. 2005. Modality and language. In Donald M. Borchert (ed.), Encyclopedia of philosophy – second edition. MacMillan. http://mit.edu/fintel/fintel-2005-modality.pdf
- Kai von Fintel & Anthony S. Gillies. 2007. An opinionated guide to epistemic modality. In Tamar Szabó Gendler & John Hawthorne (eds.), Oxford studies in epistemology: Volume 2, 32–62. Oxford University Press. http://mit.edu/fintel/fintel-gillies-2007-ose2.pdf
- Eric Swanson. 2008. Modality in language. Philosophy Compass 3(6). 1193–1207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00177.x
- Valentine Hacquard. 2009. Modality. ms, prepared for Semantics: An international handbook of meaning, edited by Klaus von Heusinger, Claudia Maienborn, and Paul Portner. http://ling.umd.edu/~hacquard/papers/HoS_Modality_Hacquard.pdf
- Valentine Hacquard. 2013. The grammatical category of modality. Proceedings of the 19th Amsterdam Colloquium. http://www.illc.uva.nl/AC/AC2013/uploaded_files/inlineitem/03_Hacquard.pdf
- Kai von Fintel & Sabine Iatridou. 2008. How to say ought in Foreign: The composition of weak necessity modals. In Jacqueline Guéron & Jacqueline Lecarme (eds.), Time and modality (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 75), 115–141. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8354-9
- Aynat Rubinstein. 2014. On necessity and comparison. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 95(4). 512–554. https://doi.org/10.1111/papq.12047
- Hotze Rullmann, Lisa Matthewson & Henry Davis. 2008. 16(4). 317-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11050-008-9036-0
- Amy Rose Deal. 2011. Modals Without Scales. Language. 87(3). 559-585. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2011.0060
- Kai von Fintel & Anthony S. Gillies. 2010. Must … stay … strong! Natural Language Semantics 18(4). 351–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11050-010-9058-2
- Daniel Lassiter. 2016. Must, knowledge, and (in)directness. Natural Language Semantics 24(2). 117-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11050-016-9121-8
Conditionals
- Angelika Kratzer. 1986. Conditionals. Chicago Linguistics Society 22(2). 1–15. https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/kratzer/kratzer-conditionals.pdf
- Kai von Fintel. 2011. Conditionals. In Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger & Paul Portner (eds.), Semantics: An international handbook of meaning, vol. 2, 1515–1538. de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110255072.1515, http://mit.edu/fintel/fintel-2011-hsk-conditionals.pdf
- Kai von Fintel. 2012. Subjunctive conditionals. In Gillian Russell & Delia Graff Fara (eds.), The Routledge companion to philosophy of language, 466–477. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/1721.1/95784 http://mit.edu/fintel/fintel-2012-subjunctives.pdf
- Anthony S. Gillies. 2016. Conditionals. To appear in: Bob Hale, Alex Miller, and Crispin Wright, eds. Blackwell Companion to the Philosophy of Language, Blackwell. Pre-final draft. http://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/TAyOTA1Y/gillies-conditionals-blackwell.pdf
- Dorothy Edgington. 2007. On conditionals. In Dov M. Gabbay & Franz Guen- thner (eds.), Handbook of philosophical logic, vol. 14, 127–221. Springer, 2nd edn. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6324-4
- Philippe Schlenker. 2004. Conditionals as definite descriptions (A referential analysis). Research on Language and Computation 2(3). 417–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11168-004-0908-2
- Kai von Fintel. 1998. The presupposition of subjunctive conditionals. In Uli Sauerland & Orin Percus (eds.), The interpretive tract (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 25), 29–44. Cambridge, MA: MITWPL. http://mit.edu/fintel/fintel-1998-subjunctive.pdf
- Brian Leahy. 2017 Counterfactual antecedent falsity and the epistemic sensitivity of counterfactuals. Philosophical Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-017-0855-z
- Sabine Iatridou. 2000. The grammatical ingredients of counterfactuality. Linguistic Inquiry 31(2). 231–270. https://doi.org/10.1162/002438900554352
- John Mackay. 2015. Actuality and fake tense in conditionals. Semantics and Pragmatics 8(12). 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.8.12
- Kai von Fintel. 2001. Counterfactuals in a dynamic context: A life in language. In Michael Kenstowicz (ed.), Ken Hale: A life in language, 123– 152. MIT Press. http://mit.edu/fintel/fintel-2001-counterfactuals.pdf
- Anthony S. Gillies. 2007. Counterfactual scorekeeping. Linguistics and Philosophy 30(3). 329–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-007-9018-6
- Sarah Moss. 2012. On the pragmatics of counterfactuals. Noûs 46(3). 561–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0068.2010.00798.x
- Mirja Annalena Holst. 2013. Incomplete descriptions and (reverse) Sobel sequences. Analysis 73(1). 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/ans131
- Peter Klecha. 2014. Bridging the Divide: Scalarity & Modality. PhD Thesis, University of Chicago. http://www.peterklecha.com/work/klecha.diss.pdf
- Daniel Dhorn [! NB: this is a misspelling of Dohrn’s name in the official paper]. 2017. Presuppositional Anaphora Is the Sobel Truth. In S. Pistoia-Reda, F. Domaneschi (eds.), Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Approaches on Implicatures and Presuppositions, Palgrave Studies in Pragmatics, Language and Cognition, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50696-8_8
- Karen S. Lewis. 2017. Counterfactual Discourse in Context. Noûs. https://doi.org/10.1111/nous.12194
Interactions
- Lewis, David. 1975. Adverbs of quantification. In Edward Keenan (ed.), Formal semantics of natural language, 3–15. Cambridge University Press.
- von Fintel, Kai. 1998. Quantifiers and if-clauses. The Philosophical Quarterly 48(191). 209–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9213.00095
- von Fintel, Kai & Sabine Iatridou. 2002. If and when if-clauses can restrict quantifiers. ms, MIT. http://mit.edu/fintel/fintel-iatridou-2002-ifwhen.pdf
- Huitink, Janneke. 2010. Quantified conditionals and compositionality. Language and Linguistics Compass 4(1). 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2009.00175.x
- Gillies, Anthony S. 2010. Iffiness. Semantics and Pragmatics 3(4). 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.3.4
- Khoo, Justin. 2011. Operators or restrictors? A reply to Gillies. Semantics and Pragmatics 4(4). 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.4.4
- Rothschild, Daniel. 2011. A note on conditionals and restrictors. Paper written for a conference in honor of Dorothy Edgington at the Institute of Philosophy, London in May 2011. http://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/WY1M2MxM/conditionals.pdf
- von Fintel, Kai & Anthony S. Gillies. 2015. Hedging your ifs and vice versa. http://mit.edu/fintel/fintel-gillies-2015-hedging.pdf
- Anette Frank. 1996. Context dependence in modal constructions. Universität Stuttgart dissertation. http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~tezimmer/Zimmermann/Diss_Anette%20Frank.pdf
- Kai von Fintel & Sabine Iatridou. 2005. What to do if you want to go to Harlem: Anankastic conditionals and related matters. ms, MIT. http://mit.edu/fintel/fintel-iatridou-2005-harlem.pdf
- Cleo Condoravdi & Sven Lauer. 2016. Anankastic conditionals are just conditionals. Semantics and Pragmatics 9(8). 1–69. https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.9.8