All text copyright © 1996 by Gareth Morgan. Online layout copyright © 2001 by Daniel Morgan.
| A | ||||
| a (1a) | and | |||
| a (1b) | with | |||
| a (1c) | as (with equative) | |||
| a (2a) | who, which, that | |||
| a (2b) | preverbal particle | (Chapter 7) | ||
| a (3) | O! (vocative particle) | |||
| a (4) | interrogative particle | |||
| a (5) | goes (@ af) | |||
| ac | = a (1) before vowels | |||
| achaws, achos | cause, reason | #L occasio | ||
| adeilad (pl. -eu) | building | |||
| adwaen, adnabod | know, recognise | (Chapter 10, GMW 148) | ||
| âf, myned | go | (Chapter 12, GMW 132) | ||
| afory | tomorrow, next day | bore morning | ||
| allan | out | |||
| am (amdan-) | about, around, on | |||
| amgen | other, different | |||
| amser | time | |||
| anfonaf, anfon | send | |||
| angeu | death | Gk ananke, L nec- | ||
| angheuawl | fatal | |||
| anglod | disgrace, satire | clod fame, Gk kleos, L inclutus | ||
| annwyd (f.) | nature | an + nwyd (L natus) | ||
| anrydedd | rank, honour | |||
| ansawdd | status, condition | an + IE sta 'stand' | ||
| ansyberwyd | boorishness | #L superbus 'proud' | ||
| anwybod | @ gwnn | |||
| ar (arn-) | on | |||
| arall | other | L alius, Gk allos, allelos | ||
| archaf, erchi | ask, beg | IE prk, L preco | ||
| cyfarchaf well | greet | |||
| arddurn | ornament, show | #L adorno | ||
| arfeu | arms, weapons | #L arma | ||
| arglwydd | lord | ar + w-l (L volo, E will) | ||
| arglwyddes (f.) | lady | |||
| arglwyddiaeth (f.) | lordship | |||
| at | to | |||
| atebaf, ateb | @ heb | |||
| atfydd | @ wyf | |||
| attaliaf, attal | restrain, prevent | at + dal hold, cf. cynnal | ||
| attygaf, attwyn | @ dygaf | |||
| B | ||||
| bêth | @ peth | |||
| beunydd | @ dydd | |||
| beunoeth | @ nos | |||
| blaen | front, spur, promontory | |||
| blwyddyn (f.) | year | |||
| bogel | boss of a shield | F boucle, E buckle | ||
| boneddigaedd | noble, gracious | bôn root, stock | ||
| breich | arm | L bracchium | ||
| brenin | king | cf. tribe "Brigantes" | ||
| brenhines (f.) | queen | |||
| brethyn | cloth | |||
| bwrdd (pl. borddeu) | table | E board | ||
| bwriaf, bwrw | throw | |||
| bwyd | @ bywiaf | |||
| byd | @ bywiaf | |||
| bynnag | -ever, -soever | |||
| bywiaf, byw | live, alive | IE gwhei, L vivo, Gk bios | ||
| bwyd | food | L victus, E victuals | ||
| byd | life, world | L vita | ||
| C | ||||
| cablaf, cablu | blame, revile | ? L calumn- | ||
| cadarn | strong | |||
| cadarnháf, cadarnháu | strengthen | |||
| cadwaf, cadw | keep | |||
| câf/caffaf, cael/caffael | get, obtain, hold | |||
| ymgael | reach | |||
| cam | wrong, crooked | E cam, game, Gk kampe | ||
| canaf, canu | sing, sound | L cano | ||
| datganaf | disclose, announce | |||
| canís, caníd | since . . . not | |||
| canlynaf, canlyn | follow | can + glynu stick (E glue) | ||
| cann/cant | hundred | L centum | ||
| cantref | @ cann | |||
| canys | since, for | |||
| caraf, caru | love | L carus | ||
| carueiddrwydd | friendliness | |||
| cariad | love | |||
| cerennydd | friendship, goodwill | |||
| carw | deer | L cervus | ||
| cefn | back | |||
| ceisaf, ceisaw | seek, look for | |||
| cerdd (pl. cerddeu) | art, music, poetry | Gk kerdos | ||
| cerddaf, cerdded | walk, run, go afoot | |||
| cerennydd | @ caraf | |||
| cî (pl. cwn) | dog | L canis, Gk kun-, corgi dwarf dog | ||
| helgi | hunting-dog | hela | ||
| milgi | greyhound | |||
| cilydd | companion | |||
| ei gilydd | one another | (reciprocal pronoun) | ||
| claerwyn | @ gwyn | |||
| cleddyf (pl. cleddyfeu) | sword | L gladius, E (Scots) claymore | ||
| clust (pl. clusteu) | ear | IE klew, Gk klutos | ||
| clywaf, clywed/clybod | hear | L inclutus | ||
| côch (pl. cochion) | red | #L coccum, E cochineal | ||
| coched | redness | |||
| coed | forest, wood | cf. -cetum in Gallic placenames | ||
| côf | memory | com-men- | ||
| corff | body | #L corpus | ||
| corn | horn | L cornu | ||
| cychwynnaf, cychwyn | rise up, start | cyn + chwyn (L scand-) | ||
| cyd | though | |||
| cydymdeith | companion, | cyd + ym + teith journey | ||
| (pl. cydymdeithon) | fellow traveller | |||
| cydymdeithas | company, allegiance | |||
| cyfannedd | abode, dwelling | cyd + an + sed (L sed- 'sit') | ||
| cyfarchaf | @ archaf | |||
| cyfarwydd | sign, token | cyf + ar + wydd (L vid-) | ||
| cyfeddach (f.) | revelry, carousing | cyf + ed (L ed- 'eat') | ||
| cyfeir | place, spot, direction | |||
| cyferbyn | @ penn | |||
| cyfodaf, cyfodi | rise | |||
| cyfoeth | wealth, esp. realm, kingdom | cyf + okt (Gk kta, E get) | ||
| cyfranc | encounter, story | cyf + rhanc meeting | ||
| cyfryw | of such a kind | cyf + rhyw kind | ||
| cyffes | confession | #L confessio | ||
| cymeint | so much, so great | cym + ma- (L magnus) | ||
| cymeraf, cym(e)ryd | take | cym + bher (L fero, E bear) | ||
| cymmellaf, cymmell | compel, force | #L compello | ||
| cynhaliaf, cynnal | uphold, support | |||
| cynn (1) | equally, as | (forming equatives) | ||
| cynn (2) / cynt | early, before | |||
| cyntaf | first | |||
| cynn (3) | although | |||
| cynnyd | although not | |||
| cynnadl | meeting, tryst | |||
| cynnal | @ cynhaliaf | |||
| cynt | @ cynn (2) | |||
| cyrchaf, cyrchu | approach, go to | |||
| cysgaf, cysgu | sleep | ?#L quiesco | ||
| cystal | as good as, like | cynn + sta 'equal standing' | ||
| cyweir | proper, prepared | |||
| cywir | true, loyal | wir true (L verus) | ||
| cywirdeb | loyalty | |||
| cwn | @ ci | |||
| CH | ||||
| (yn) chwaethach | not to mention | |||
| D | ||||
| dâ | good | |||
| daear (f.) | world, earth | Gk Demeter, Poseidaon | ||
| dan | under | |||
| datganaf | @ canaf | |||
| dechreuaf, dechreu | begin | |||
| delw | shape, form, image | Gk delo- 'show' | ||
| deu (f. dwy) | two | |||
| wylldeu | both | wy + oll + deu | ||
| deuaf, dyfod | come | |||
| dyfodiad | arrival | |||
| dewredd | bravery, toughness | L durus, E enduring | ||
| diarchenaf, diarchenu | change shoes, undress | |||
| diffleis | loyal, unswerving | di + #L flex- | ||
| diffygaf, diffygiaw | fail, disappear | #L deficio | ||
| digawnaf, digoni | be able, sufficient | |||
| digrif | pleasant | |||
| digrifháu | please | |||
| digrifwch | pleasure | |||
| dihunaf, dihunaw | @ hun | |||
| dilesteir | unhindered | |||
| dillad | clothes, bedclothes | |||
| dim | anything, something | |||
| dioer! | God knows! | duw-a-wyr | ||
| diolwch | thanks | golwch praise | ||
| diryfedd | natural, unsurprising | rhyfedd wonder | ||
| disyml | noble, courteous | syml simple, L simil- | ||
| diwall | ample, plenteous | gwall fault, L vacu- | ||
| dosbarth | @ parth | |||
| dros | over, across, on behalf of | |||
| drych | appearance, look | Gk derk, drak, E dragon | ||
| edrychaf, edrych | look, watch | ad + drych | ||
| duw | god | L divus | ||
| dwy | @ deu | |||
| dyblyg | fold | #L duplic- | ||
| dydd | day | L dies | ||
| dygaf, dwyn | lead, bring, take | L duco | ||
| attygaf | take away, withdraw | |||
| dygyfor | gathering, muster | dy + cyf + or, L orior 'rise' | ||
| dylyaf, dyly | owe, be obliged, have a right | L debeo, Gk dei, E debt | ||
| dylyed = dlyed | right, obligation | |||
| dyn (pl. dynion) (c) | man, human being | |||
| dyrnawd | blow | dwrn fist | ||
| dywedaf, dywedud | say, speak | L verb-, Gk wepos, 'word' | ||
| E | ||||
| edifar | sorry | IE ad + (s)mer, G Schmerz, L maereo | ||
| ef | he, him, it | |||
| eil | second | L alios, Gk allos | ||
| eiroed, erioed | @ oed | |||
| eiseu | lack, need | #L exiguus | ||
| eisteddaf, eistedd | sit | eks-di-sed, E eisteddfod | ||
| eithaf | extreme, highest, lowest (superlative of eks) | |||
| eithr | except | #L extra | ||
| ellyngaf, ellwng | unleash, let go | |||
| enw, enweu | name | Gk -onym, L nomen | ||
| erbyn | @ penn | |||
| erchlas | dapple-grey | erch (Gk perknos) + glas | ||
| erchwyn | edge, side (of a bed) | ar + chwyn (L scand-) | ||
| erchwys | pack of hounds | er + gwys trained (E wise) | ||
| erioed | @ oed | |||
| eur, aur | gold | #L aurum | ||
| eurlestri | gold vessels | + llestri | ||
| eurwisg | cloth of gold | + gwisg | ||
| F | ||||
| fal | as, like | *hafal, L simul, Gk hama | ||
| FF | ||||
| ffurf (f.) | form, shape | #L forma | ||
| G | ||||
| gadaf, gadu | allow, let, leave | |||
| gafael | hold, grasp | cf. caffael | ||
| gallaf, gallu | be able | L callidus | ||
| galwaf, galw | call, summon | Gk kaleo, L clamo, E hail | ||
| gan | with | |||
| geir (pl. geirieu) | word | |||
| glûd | smooth, continual | |||
| gorddiwesaf, | ||||
| gorddiwes | overtake | |||
| gorddyfnaf, gorddyfnu | become accustomed | |||
| goreu | best | |||
| gorffennaf | @ penn | |||
| gormes (f.) | oppression | gor + med- 'measure' | ||
| gorug | did (@ gwnaf) | |||
| gorweddaf, gorwedd | lie down | |||
| gosodaf, gosod | strike | |||
| gwaredaf, gwared | rescue, free, save, remove | gwa + rhed run (L rota 'wheel'), cf. L succurro | ||
| gwareddawg | saviour, ally, submissive | |||
| gwâs (pl. gweison) | fellow, servant | vassal | ||
| gwasanaeth | service | |||
| gwastad | level, continuous | gwa + sta- 'low-lying' | ||
| gwedi | after | |||
| gwedd | form, appearance | |||
| gwelaf, gweled | see | L vultus 'face' | ||
| ymweled | see, visit | |||
| gwely | bed | gw + IE legh 'lie' | ||
| gwêll | better | E well, Gk beltion | ||
| gwerescyn | conquer, overcome | gwar + chwyn (L scand-) | ||
| gwerth | worth, value | |||
| gwisg | clothes | L vestis | ||
| gwiscaf, gwisgaw | clothe | |||
| gwlâd, (pl. gwledydd) | land | Slav vlast | ||
| gwledychu | reign, govern | |||
| gwnn, gwybod | know | IE gno- (Chapter 10, GMW 147) | ||
| anwybod | ignorance | |||
| gwnâf, gwneuthur | do, make | (Chapter 11, GMW 130) | ||
| gwr, (pl. gwyr) | man | L vir | ||
| gwrda | "goodman", sir, retainer | |||
| gwreig (pl. gwragedd) | woman | |||
| gwrogaeth | homage | |||
| ungwr | unique (man) | |||
| gwynn | white | |||
| claerwyn | shining white | |||
| gwynned | whiteness | |||
| gyd | together | |||
| gyrraf, gyrru | drive | |||
| ymyrru | engage in | |||
| H | ||||
| hagen | however | |||
| hanbwyllaf, | consider | pwyll prudence | ||
| hanbwyllaw | ||||
| hanner | half | IE smteros | ||
| hanwyf | @ wyf | |||
| hardd | fair, beautiful | ('lofty') L arduus | ||
| hawdd | easy | L suavis, Gk swad- | ||
| hawlaf, holi | claim | |||
| hawlwr | claimant | |||
| hêb (1) | says | L in(se)quam | ||
| atebaf, ateb | answer | |||
| hêb (2) | without, alongside | |||
| hebawg (pl. hebogeu) | falcon | #OE heafoc 'hawk' | ||
| hebryngaf, hebrwng | bring, escort | |||
| hebryngiad | escort | |||
| hefyd | also | IE sem- | ||
| heliaf, hela | hunt | |||
| helgi | @ ci | |||
| heno | @ nos | |||
| herwydd | regarding | wydd, L video, Gk wid- | ||
| hi | she, her | |||
| hir | long | |||
| holl | @ oll | |||
| holltaf, hollti | split | |||
| hûn (1) | sleep | Gk hupnos, L *suepnos | ||
| dihunaf, dihunaw | wake | |||
| hundy (hundyeu) | bedroom | + ty house, L tectum | ||
| hun (2), hunan | self | |||
| hwnn, honn, hynn | this | (GMW 82) | ||
| hwnnw, honno, hynny | that | (GMW 82) | ||
| hyd (1) | length | |||
| hyd (2) | until | |||
| hygar | @ car | |||
| hynt (f.) | path | L sentis | ||
| I | ||||
| i | (1) to | |||
| (2) I, me | ||||
| iawn | well, fair | Gk ia- 'heal' | ||
| iarll | steward, earl | Norse jarl | ||
| ie | yes, true! | |||
| ieuanc (pl. ieueinc) | young (man) | L iuvenis | ||
| ieuenctid | youth | |||
| LL | ||||
| lladdaf, llâdd | kill | L clades | ||
| ymladd | struggle | |||
| llannerch | clearing | llann yard, enclosure, L planus | ||
| llathraf, llathru | shine, be smooth | |||
| llathreid | shining | |||
| llaw (pl. dwylaw) | hand, side | |||
| llawen | happy | |||
| llywennydd | happiness | |||
| llawr | floor, ground | pla- | ||
| llê (pl. lleoedd) | place | IE legh 'lie' | ||
| llêf (pl. llefeu) | voice, sound | Skt lopati 'chatters' | ||
| unllef | the same sound | |||
| llithiaf, llithiaw | feed | |||
| lliw (pl. lliwieu) | colour | L lividus | ||
| llwydlei | brownish grey | |||
| llwyddanus | prosperous, profitable | L lucrum | ||
| llwyn | grove | L lucus | ||
| llyma | look (here), voici! | yma | ||
| llyna | look (there), voila | yna | ||
| llynn | drink | |||
| llys (f., pl. llysoedd) | court | |||
| llywennydd | @ llawen | |||
| M | ||||
| macwyf (pl. macwyfeid) | page, squire | ? mab son + L comes 'companion' | ||
| maes | field, plain | |||
| managaf, menegi | tell, relate | |||
| march (pl. meirch) | horse, charger | E mare, marshall | ||
| marchawg | horseman | |||
| marchoges | horsewoman | |||
| mawr | big, great | L magnus | ||
| meddiant | power, possession | med- 'enjoy' | ||
| meddyliaf, meddyliaw | think | L meditor | ||
| meddwl | thought | |||
| mefl | blame, shame | |||
| milgi | @ ci | |||
| milwraeth (f.) | valour | L miles 'soldier' | ||
| moes (f.) | custom | L mos | ||
| môr | as | (proclitic form, mawr) | ||
| mwy | more | L maius, Gk meizon | ||
| mynnaf, mynnu | wish, desire | Gc Minne | ||
| mynwgl | neck | L monile 'neckband' | ||
| mynydd | mountain | |||
| i fynydd | up | |||
| mywn | in, inside | |||
| N | ||||
| namyn | except | |||
| nêb | anyone, someone | |||
| neill | one (of two) | -alio- | ||
| neithwyr | @ nos | |||
| nerth | strength | |||
| nesháf, nesháu | approach, draw near | nês nearer | ||
| neuadd/yneuadd (f., pl. -eu) | hall | |||
| newydd | new | L novus, Gk newos | ||
| nifer/ynifer (pl. -oedd) | host, retinue | #L numerus | ||
| nô, nôg | than | |||
| nôs (f.) | night | L noct-, Gk nukt- | ||
| beunoeth | every night | |||
| neithwyr | last night | +ser, L serus 'late' | ||
| trannoeth | next day | tra across | ||
| O | ||||
| o (1) (ohon-) | of, from | |||
| o (2), od, os | if | |||
| oddyma | @ yma | |||
| oed | time, date, tryst | L aetas, Gk aiwon | ||
| eiroed, erioed | ever | |||
| ofn | fear | Gk phobos, phobia | ||
| oi! | exclamation of surprise or pain | |||
| ôl | track, traces | |||
| ôll, hôll | all, whole | Gk holo- | ||
| P | ||||
| pa | what? | IE kw-, L qu- | ||
| pahám | why? | |||
| paladyr | spear, shaft | |||
| pali | brocade | #F palis, paile | ||
| pann | when | IE kw- | ||
| parabl | speech, utterance | parable, F parole | ||
| paraf, peri | cause, arrange | L para- | ||
| parth | part, direction | #L part- | ||
| dosbarth | administration, distribution | |||
| pawb, pôb | all, every, each | L quisque | ||
| pedrein (f.) | quarter, haunch | L quatr- | ||
| pêll | far | IE kw- Gk tele- | ||
| penn | head | IE kweptn-, L caput, Gc Haupt, placenames Pen-, Pembroke, Kinross | ||
| erbyn | opposite, against | |||
| cyferbyn | hostile | |||
| gorffennaf, gorffen | end | |||
| pendefig | prince | |||
| unben | lord | |||
| perfedd | middle | #L permedius | ||
| pêth (pl. petheu) | thing | cf. L quid | ||
| bêth | what? | |||
| pôb | @ pawb | |||
| prîf | chief | #L primus | ||
| profedigaeth | testing, temptation | #L proba- | ||
| pryd | face, appearance | |||
| prynaf, prynu | buy, redeem | Gk pria-, porno- | ||
| pwy | who? | IE kw- | ||
| R | ||||
| rhâg | before, against, for fear of | |||
| rhîth | likeness, guise | |||
| rhoddaf, rhoddi | give, place, put | pro-da- | ||
| rhusiaf, rhusiaw | hinder | |||
| rhwng (rhyng-, rho-) | between | |||
| rhyd (f.) | ford | Gk rhe- 'flow', E diarrhea | ||
| rhyfelaf, rhyfelu | war | pro-mel- 'move forward' | ||
| ry | perfective particle | L pro | ||
| S | ||||
| sêf | namely (continuative particle) | ys ef | ||
| seith | seven | L septem | ||
| serchawl | loving, amorous | serch love, Gk sterg- | ||
| swyddawg | officer | swydd office, #L sedes | ||
| T | ||||
| talaf, talu | pay | Gk telos, Gc Zahl, E toll | ||
| talm | a while, a space | |||
| tarian | shield | E targe, target | ||
| tawaf, tewi | be silent | L taceo | ||
| tebygaf, tebygu | suppose, think | |||
| têg | fair | |||
| teilyngdawd | dignity | teilwng worthy | ||
| terfynedig | final, fatal | #L terminus | ||
| teulu | household, family | ty house + lu host (Gk laos, G Leute) | ||
| teyrn | royal | cf. tribe "Tigernini" | ||
| teyrnas | kingdom | |||
| tîr (pl. tiroedd) | land, earth | L terra | ||
| tirionwch | tenderness | |||
| tlws | precious, sweet; jewel | ?L dulcis | ||
| torraf, torri | break | L torqueo 'twist' | ||
| trâ | while | |||
| trannoeth | @ nos | |||
| treiglweith | once upon a time | treigl turn (E trolley) + gweith time | ||
| treulaf, treulaw | spend, use | |||
| trigiant | stay, residence | |||
| trwy | through | |||
| trydydd | third | L tertius, Gk tritos | ||
| U | ||||
| ufydd | humble, obedient | #L oboedi- | ||
| ûn | one | L unus | ||
| unben | @ penn | |||
| ungwr | @ gwr | |||
| unllef | @ llef | |||
| unlliw | @ lliw | |||
| W | ||||
| wyf, bôd | be | (Chapter 10, GMW 136) | ||
| atfydd | it is possible, perhaps | |||
| hanwyf | come from, originate | |||
| ymgyfarfod | meet one another | (triple prefix!) | ||
| wylldeu | @ deu | |||
| wyneb | face | |||
| Y | ||||
| ymbiliaf, ymbil | implore | |||
| ymchwelaf, | turn | IE kwel 'turn', wheel | ||
| ymchwelud | cycle | |||
| (i) ymdeith | away | teith journey | ||
| ymddialaf, ymddial | avenge oneself | |||
| ymddiddanaf, | converse, amuse oneself | di + don sorrow (L dolor) | ||
| ymddiddan | ||||
| ymgael | @ cael | |||
| ymgolli | lose oneself | colli lose | ||
| ymgyfarfod | @ wyf | |||
| ymladdaf | @ lladdaf | |||
| ymofynaf, ymofyn | inquire | gofyn ask (go + myn-) | ||
| ymolchaf, ymolchi | wash oneself | golchi wash | ||
| ymorddiwesaf, ymorddiwes | overtake | |||
| ymwarandawaf, ymwarandaw | listen | gwar + an + taw silence (L taceo) | ||
| ymweled | @ gweled | |||
| ymyrru | @ gyrru | |||
| yn | (1) in | |||
| (2) indirect relative | (Chapter 8) | |||
| yna | then | |||
| yneuadd | @ neuadd | |||
| ynifer | @ nifer | |||
| yno | there | |||
| yny | until, so that | |||
| ystafell/stafell (f., pl. ystefyll) | room, hall | #L stabellum, E stable | ||
| ystlys | side, edge | L *stlatus>latus, E later- | ||
All text copyright © 1996 by Gareth Morgan.
Online layout copyright © 2001 by Daniel Morgan.