Section 2b: SolutionsSolutions: A section dedicated to morphing raw data into workable, real-world strategies and plans for the preservation of the Amazon. Currently, this page is dedicated to brainstorming new solutions.
***ALL NEW MATERIAL IS IN GREEN FONT***
a. International
- Treaties: Create international treaties to limit the mahogany trade. International pressure should be high enough to cause significant changes.b. Domestic
* Status Quo: There are international treaties in place, such as CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), that are well-meant but lack effectiveness. CITES is a multinational cooperative plan to limit/stop the trade of endangered species.
> CITES: The Flaws: CITES is a great but immature attempt at preventing the trade of illegal species such as mahogany. Clearly, it has not been effective. This can be attributed to its lack of international participation and enforcement. Countries simply signing a document cannot prevent this illegal trade. The following excerpt from "Planting the seeds: A CITES and Mahogany Update" clarifies well:
The following is a list of member countries in CITES:"Big-leafed Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla is currently the most commercially
important of the Mahoganies, replacing Honduran Mahogany S. humilis and
Caribbean Mahogany S. mahagoni, both of which are considered commercially
extinct throughout much of their ranges. Exploitation has been taking place
for several centuries and their populations have been reduced throughout their
natural distribution, particularly in Central America. Both are now included
in CITES Appendix II.
...
It is clear that both domestic and international trade represents serious
threats to Big-leafed Mahogany. While current national legislation has
improved in some range States, there are major weaknesses in the harvesting
and trade control regimes, especially in the implementation of these regimes.
This is largely due to a lack of information on the biological status of the
species and cooperation among both producing and consuming countries.
It is therefore crucial that Parties at COP 11 make stronger commitments to
ensure that the Mahogany Working Group is revitalised. This can only be done
with clear terms of reference, specific goals and objectives as well as the
full support and participation of all the range States, consumer countries and
the relevant technical organisations and experts."
> Solution: The main and critical flaw of CITES is that it lacks an oversight committee. Furthermore, it lacks any enforcement policy. A successful international trade treaty must create a committee to evaluate the trade practices of its country members; furthermore, the centralized committee must have the power to enforce punishment (primarily, economic pressure). For example, if the committee decides that Country C is illegally allowing the trade of endangered species, the committee could call on all other member countries to place economic sanctions on Country C until corrections were made.Clearly, international support will not be the problem.
OrderState
ISO
Region
Date 1
Date 2
88Afghanistan
AF
2
30/10/1985 (A)
28/01/1986
81Algeria
DZ
1
23/11/1983 (A)
21/02/1984
141Antigua and Barbuda
AG
3
08/07/1997 (A)
06/10/1997
64Argentina
AR
3
08/01/1981 (R)
08/04/1981
28Australia
AU
6
29/07/1976 (R)
27/10/1976
74Austria
AT
4
27/01/1982 (A)
27/04/1982
145Azerbaijan
AZ
4
23/11/1998 (A)
21/02/1999
50Bahamas
BS
3
20/06/1979 (A)
18/09/1979
73Bangladesh
BD
2
20/11/1981 (R)
18/02/1982
119Barbados
BB
3
09/12/1992 (A)
09/03/1993
130Belarus
BY
4
10/08/1995 (A)
08/11/1995
80Belgium
BE
4
03/10/1983 (R)
01/01/1984
69Belize
BZ
3
19/08/1986 (Ds)
21/09/1981
84Benin
BJ
1
28/02/1984 (A)
28/05/1984
160Bhutan BT 2 15/08/2002(A) 13/11/2002 51Bolivia
BO
3
06/07/1979 (R)
04/10/1979
40Botswana
BW
1
14/11/1977 (A)
12/02/1978
16Brazil
BR
3
06/08/1975 (R)
04/11/1975
106Brunei Darussalam
BN
2
04/05/1990 (A)
02/08/1990
109Bulgaria
BG
4
16/01/1991 (A)
16/04/1991
102Burkina Faso
BF
1
13/10/1989 (A)
11/01/1990
94Burundi
BI
1
08/08/1988 (A)
06/11/1988
140Cambodia
KH
2
04/07/1997 (R)
02/10/1997
68Cameroon
CM
1
05/06/1981 (A)
03/09/1981
10Canada
CA
5
10/04/1975 (R)
09/07/1975
58Central African Republic
CF
1
27/08/1980 (A)
25/11/1980
96Chad
TD
1
02/02/1989 (A)
03/05/1989
8Chile
CL
3
14/02/1975 (R)
01/07/1975
63China
CN
2
08/01/1981 (A)
08/04/1981
71Colombia
CO
3
31/08/1981 (R)
29/11/1981
128Comoros
KM
1
23/11/1994 (A)
21/02/1995
79Congo
CG
1
31/01/1983 (A)
01/05/1983
14Costa Rica
CR
3
30/06/1975 (R)
28/09/1975
127Côte d'Ivoire
CI
1
21/11/1994 (A)
19/02/1995
151Croatia HR 4 14/03/2000 (A) 12/06/2000 105Cuba
CU
3
20/04/1990 (A)
19/07/1990
6Cyprus
CY
4
18/10/1974 (R)
01/07/1975
117Czech Republic
CZ
4
14/04/1993 (Ds)
01/01/1993
26Democratic Republic of the Congo
CD
1
20/07/1976 (A)
18/10/1976
34Denmark
DK
4
26/07/1977 (R)
24/10/1977
113Djibouti
DJ
1
07/02/1992 (A)
07/05/1992
129Dominica
DM
3
04/08/1995 (A)
02/11/1995
92Dominican Republic
DO
3
17/12/1986 (A)
17/03/1987
7Ecuador
EC
3
11/02/1975 (R)
01/07/1975
41Egypt
EG
1
04/01/1978 (A)
04/04/1978
93El Salvador
SV
3
30/04/1987 (A)
29/07/1987
114Equatorial Guinea
GQ
1
10/03/1992 (A)
08/06/1992
125Eritrea
ER
1
24/10/1994 (A)
22/01/1995
115Estonia
EE
4
22/07/1992 (A)
20/10/1992
98Ethiopia
ET
1
05/04/1989 (A)
04/07/1989
143Fiji
FJ
6
30/09/1997 (A)
29/12/1997
24Finland
FI
4
10/05/1976 (A)
08/08/1976
43France
FR
4
11/05/1978 (Ap)
09/08/1978
97Gabon
GA
1
13/02/1989 (A)
14/05/1989
37Gambia
GM
1
26/08/1977 (A)
24/11/1977
133Georgia
GE
4
13/09/1996 (A)
12/12/1996
22Germany
DE
4
22/03/1976 (R)
20/06/1976
20Ghana
GH
1
14/11/1975 (R)
12/02/1976
118Greece
GR
4
08/10/1992 (A)
06/01/1993
146Grenada
GD
3
30/08/1999 (A)
28/11/1999
53Guatemala
GT
3
07/11/1979 (R)
05/02/1980
107Guinea-Bissau
GW
1
16/05/1990 (A)
14/08/1990
72Guinea
GN
1
21/09/1981 (A)
20/12/1981
33Guyana
GY
3
27/05/1977 (A)
25/08/1977
86Honduras
HN
3
15/03/1985 (A)
13/06/1985
87Hungary
HU
4
29/05/1985 (A)
27/08/1985
148Iceland
IS
4
03/01/2000 (A)
02/04/2000
25India
IN
2
20/07/1976 (R)
18/10/1976
48Indonesia
ID
2
28/12/1978 (A)
28/03/1979
30Iran (Islamic Republic of)
IR
2
03/08/1976 (R)
01/11/1976
157Ireland IE 4 08/01/2002 (R) 08/04/2002 56Israel
IL
2
18/12/1979 (R)
17/03/1980
52Italy
IT
4
02/10/1979 (R)
31/12/1979
137Jamaica
JM
3
23/04/1997 (A)
22/07/1997
57Japan
JP
2
06/08/1980 (Ac)
04/11/1980
47Jordan
JO
2
14/12/1978 (A)
14/03/1979
149Kazakhstan KZ 2 20/01/2000 (A) 19/04/2000 46Kenya
KE
1
13/12/1978 (R)
13/03/1979
159Kuwait KW 2 12/08/2002(R) 10/11/2002 135Latvia
LV
4
11/02/1997 (A)
12/05/1997
65Liberia
LR
1
11/03/1981 (A)
09/06/1981
55Liechtenstein
LI
4
30/11/1979 (A)
28/02/1980
156Lithuania LT 4 10/12/2001 (A) 09/03/2002 82Luxembourg
LU
4
13/12/1983 (R)
12/03/1984
152Macedonia (see The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) MK 4 04/07/2000 (A) 02/10/2000 17Madagascar
MG
1
20/08/1975 (R)
18/11/1975
75Malawi
MW
1
05/02/1982 (A)
06/05/1982
38Malaysia
MY
2
20/10/1977 (A)
18/01/1978
123Mali
ML
1
18/07/1994 (A)
16/10/1994
99Malta
MT
4
17/04/1989 (A)
16/07/1989
144Mauritania
MR
1
13/03/1998 (A)
11/06/1998
11Mauritius
MU
1
28/04/1975 (R)
27/07/1975
110Mexico
MX
5
02/07/1991 (A)
30/09/1991
42Monaco
MC
4
19/04/1978 (A)
18/07/1978
131Mongolia
MN
2
05/01/1996 (A)
04/04/1996
19Morocco
MA
1
16/10/1975 (R)
14/01/1976
66Mozambique
MZ
1
25/03/1981 (A)
23/06/1981
139Myanmar
MM
2
13/06/1997 (A)
11/09/1997
108Namibia
NA
1
18/12/1990 (A)
18/03/1991
12Nepal
NP
2
18/06/1975 (A)
16/09/1975
85Netherlands
NL
4
19/04/1984 (R)
18/07/1984
100New Zealand
NZ
6
10/05/1989 (A)
08/08/1989
36Nicaragua
NI
3
06/08/1977 (A)
04/11/1977
18Niger
NE
1
08/09/1975 (R)
07/12/1975
2Nigeria
NG
1
09/05/1974 (R)
01/07/1975
27Norway
NO
4
27/07/1976 (R)
25/10/1976
23Pakistan
PK
2
20/04/1976 (A)
19/07/1976
44Panama
PA
3
17/08/1978 (R)
15/11/1978
21Papua New Guinea
PG
6
12/12/1975 (A)
11/03/1976
31Paraguay
PY
3
15/11/1976 (R)
13/02/1977
13Peru
PE
3
27/06/1975 (R)
25/09/1975
70Philippines
PH
2
18/08/1981 (R)
16/11/1981
103Poland
PL
4
12/12/1989 (R)
12/03/1990
62Portugal
PT
4
11/12/1980 (R)
11/03/1981
154Qatar QA 2 08/05/2001 (A) 06/08/2001 120Republic of Korea
KR
2
09/07/1993 (A)
07/10/1993
153Republic of Moldova MD 4 29/03/2001 (A) 27/06/2001 124Romania
RO
4
18/08/1994 (A)
16/11/1994
112Russian Federation
RU
4
13/01/1992 (C)
01/01/1992
59Rwanda
RW
1
20/10/1980 (A)
18/01/1981
122Saint Kitts and Nevis
KN
3
14/02/1994 (A)
15/05/1994
77Saint Lucia
LC
3
15/12/1982 (A)
15/03/1983
95Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
VC
3
30/11/1988 (A)
28/02/1989
155Sao Tome and Principe ST 1 09/08/2001 (A) 07/11/2001 132Saudi Arabia
SA
2
12/03/1996 (A)
10/06/1996
35Senegal
SN
1
05/08/1977 (A)
03/11/1977
32Seychelles
SC
1
08/02/1977 (A)
09/05/1977
126Sierra Leone
SL
1
28/10/1994 (A)
26/01/1995
91Singapore
SG
2
30/11/1986 (A)
28/02/1987
116Slovakia
SK
4
02/03/1993 (Ds)
01/01/1993
150Slovenia SI 4 24/01/2000 (A) 23/04/2000 89Somalia
SO
1
02/12/1985 (A)
02/03/1986
15South Africa
ZA
1
15/07/1975 (R)
13/10/1975
90Spain
ES
4
30/05/1986 (A)
28/08/1986
49Sri Lanka
LK
2
04/05/1979 (A)
02/08/1979
76Sudan
SD
1
26/10/1982 (R)
24/01/1983
60Suriname
SR
3
17/11/1980 (A)
15/02/1981
136Swaziland
SZ
1
26/02/1997 (A)
27/05/1997
5Sweden
SE
4
20/08/1974 (R)
01/07/1975
3Switzerland
CH
4
09/07/1974 (R)
01/07/1975
78Thailand
TH
2
21/01/1983 (R)
21/04/1983
152The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia MK 4 04/07/2000 (A) 02/10/2000 45Togo
TG
1
23/10/1978 (R)
21/01/1979
83Trinidad and Tobago
TT
3
19/01/1984 (A)
18/04/1984
4Tunisia
TN
1
10/07/1974 (R)
01/07/1975
134Turkey
TR
4
23/09/1996 (A)
22/12/1996
111Uganda
UG
1
18/07/1991 (A)
16/10/1991
147Ukraine
UA
4
30/12/1999 (A)
29/03/2000
104United Arab Emirates
AE
2
08/02/1990 (A)
09/05/1990
29United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
GB
4
02/08/1976 (R)
31/10/1976
54United Republic of Tanzania
TZ
1
29/11/1979 (R)
27/02/1980
1United States of America
US
5
14/01/1974 (R)
01/07/1975
9Uruguay
UY
3
02/04/1975 (R)
01/07/1975
142Uzbekistan
UZ
2
10/07/1997 (A)
08/10/1997
101Vanuatu
VU
6
17/07/1989 (A)
15/10/1989
39Venezuela
VE
3
24/10/1977 (R)
22/01/1978
121Viet Nam
VN
2
20/01/1994 (A)
20/04/1994
138Yemen
YE
2
05/05/1997 (A)
03/08/1997
158Yugoslavia YU 4 27/02/2002 (A) 28/05/2002 61Zambia
ZM
1
24/11/1980 (A)
22/02/1981
67Zimbabwe
ZW
1
19/05/1981 (A)
17/08/1981
***Finally, a SOLUTION. Read the First draft of the International Oversight Council CITES Amendment...CLICK THIS LINK!!!*** (this section is BRAND NEW!!!)
- Alliances: Create tactful alliances with interest groups that have similar goals. Funding, public relations, and political power would be greater than the sum of all partsc. Brazilian
- Lobbying: Create a lobbying strategy for influencing key political players on conservation issues, especially the Foreign Aid Bill that is approved twice a year.
- Corporate: Coerce polluting American companies to purchase protected Amazon areas to remedy their own environmental sins.
- IBAMA: Befriend the IBAMA through contacts, public relations, and financial incentivesd. Indigenous
- President: Use the new President's own pro-environment campaign platform to ease new environmental policy through the legislative process. Political capitol should be a very useful tool in this situation.
- Education: Create elementary education programs in cooperation with indigenous people to make them an integral part of environmental education/
- Appeasement Oversight: To establish and maintain an oversight committee that would ensure the appeasement of indigenous people. Because their help and cooperation are critical for our success, we must keep them happy. Nothing should be done that would harm their living environment or livelihood.