Course 12.000
Mission 2008
Las Iguanas 2
Brian Kardon
==>
TO Homepage
==> TO Las Iguanas team 2
==> TO Mission 2008
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==> TO Las Iguanas team 2
==> TO Mission 2008
==> TO Massachusetts Institute of Technology!
MY RESEARCH
A collection of some of the significant things I have read, deduced,
or created with help from the websites listed in the Research Links section.
The numbers next to each entry will take you to the citations of the sources used for each item.
The latest material is listed first.
BYLAWS OF ORGALA
(THE FIRST DRAFT OF THE FINAL STRUCTURE)
This is a bit too large, so click here
INDIVIDUAL TRANFERABLE QUOTAS (ITQs): FINAL PLAN
A bit to big to include, so click here
Sources: 1 17 22
OUR SECOND POLITICAL SOLUTION
After a consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of the previous plan, we formulated another idea based on a coalition of NGOs who support the Galápagos. This plan forms the nucleus for the final plan. The final plan can be found in the Las Iguanas team website here.
Sources: 1 5 9 11 13 16 18 20 24
****************************************
NGO’s with a vested interest in the Galápagos will be unified underneath a broad international coalition, ORGALA.
Representation within ORGALA and voting power would be based on annual contributions to the Galapagos. ORGALA will elect a scientific panel and funnel all their financial donations into that scientific commission. The panel will serve the following primary purposes:
1. Make policy recommendations for INGALA, the Galápagos National Park Service, the Ministry of the Environment, or any other body that has some kind of jurisdiction over the Galápagos.
2. Make recommendations for the distribution of funding to causes that require greater attention.
3. Use the lobbying power of ORGALA’s consolidated funds to influence reticent government agencies.
4. ORGALA would have the ability to exercise an "economic veto" (a freezing of funding) similar to the actions taken by the World Wildlife Foundation during the dispute over the park director.
The advantage of this plan over the current situation is that ORGALA would control far more funds than any single NGO, and their combined weight would be a powerful policy catalyst.
POSSIBILITY 2: This possibility is identical to the plan above, with the exception that the scientific panel would not directly disburse funds. The primary distinction would be in the role of ORGALA’s stake holders. Instead of vesting complete faith in the scientific panel’s every action, the proportional representation from each NGO would vote on the panel’s recommendations. The advantage here is that stake-holders in ORGALA would have far greater control over their own donations, which would make ORGALA a more attractive entity to join.
****************************************
OUR FIRST ATTEMPT AT A POLITICAL SOLUTION
After long thought, we came up with a tentative plan for establishing an international trust to implement a protection plan for the Galápagos.
Sources: 1 5 9 11 13 16 18 20
****************************************
THE PLAN:
UN aid is offered to Ecuador with a number of provisions:
1. An international commission composed of a scientific panel that drafts proposals and a ratifying representative board (as described below) that can ratify or veto the scientific panel’s plans.
2. The international commission must be allowed to implement a basic preservation strategy that we design.
3. The international commission’s mandates must be ratified by the Ecuadorian Congress as law.
4. Disputes will be referred to the World Court
The international commission:
-Composition:
Scientific Panel = An international group of scientists (chosen by some outside group
Representative Board = (In some defined proportions) Fishing interests, the Ecuadorian government, Local interests, and some kind of environmental/scientific interests
-Powers:
Regulate tourist access
Fishing quotas in Marine Reserve
Maintain an armed park ranger enforcement force
Request assistance from the UN security council
Undertake invasive species eradication programs
Deploy of sensors as the international body sees fit
***********************************
22 17 Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) - A possible solution to the over-fishing problem
This wasn’t really in my field of research as a member of the political team, but twice I ran across an interesting economic concept that relates to the management of a fragile renewable resource.
ITQs are a type of share that harvesters can share in a natural resource, for example fish. The government sells shares of the fish harvest to potential fishermen in the form of numbers of fish per season. Thus, the fisherman can only take as many fish as they have shares in the fish harvest. One of the most common methods which often presents many problems is total quota assignment, in which the government sets a certain quantity of fish that may be taken out of an area of water in a season; once that amount has been harvested, no one may harvest more fish.
If enforced, ITQs protect fish populations by limiting the take of fish (just like total quotas), but they also prevent the total quota phenomenon of fishing "gold rushes". In a system of total quotas, fishermen rush out on the first day of the season and madly fish to try and get as large a slice of the quota pie for themselves as they can.
In an ITQ system, since the fishermen own their own quotas, they can take in the fish at their own leisure.
This prevents flooding the market with huge amounts of fish that no one wants to buy, which would result in rapid deflation of fish prices, which cuts sharply into every fisherman’s profits.
It also eliminates the incentive for fishermen to endanger their crews and equipment by pushing their crews to the limit in their rush to take in fish.
ITQs also provide an entry barrier for entry into the fishing industry, which reduces competition for the existing fishermen.
ITQs also have their disadvantages; for instance, ITQs have a tendency to accumulate in the hands of large fishing businesses, since it is sometimes difficult for fishermen to come up with the lump sum to buy ITQs.
21 Elements of an International Environmentally Protective Treaty -
If we decide to back our protection plan with an international treaty, here is what I have deduced are several common parts of an environmental protection agreement between several countries.
1. Reasoning for the need for the treaty
2. Exact purpose of the treaty
3. Definitions of just about every noun used in the treaty (legal soundproofing)
4. The basic obligations that the treaty places on signing states
5. The content of the treaty - what they are agreeing to exactly in high detail
6. A description of a committee for overseeing the implementation of the treaty (if one is necessary), including composition, voting procedures, meeting times and places, etc.
7. Possible the liability of signing states and the recourse for noncompliance
8. The territory disclaimer - the treaty will not affect the claims of states on any territory
9. (Sometimes) a description of the process for resolving disputes over the treaty, often invoking the authority of the World Court.
19 Ecuadorian Officials - A list of them
US Ambassador: Gangotena, Raul
Min. of Tourism: Eljuri, Gladys
President: Gutierrez Borbua, Lucio
Vice Pres.: Palacio, Alfredo
Min. of Environment: Valdivieso, Fabian
Min. of Urban Development & Housing; Poggi, Bruno
Sec. of National Planning & Development: Fuentes, Maria
Permanent Representative to the UN, New York: Gallegos Chiriboga, Luis
Min. of Foreign Trade: Baki, Ivonne
Min. of Economy & Finance: Yepez, Mauricio
16 Main points on the World Heritage Treaty - The treaty that created the World Heritage Commission (part of UNESCO) gives an idea of the usefulness and limitations of employing UNESCO in a solution of the environmental problems of the Galápagos.
The World Heritage Commission is a group of UN members who collect from participating countries a list of areas of high cultural or environmental significance. The Commission decides whether or not to include the site on their list. Then, they regularly review the sites on their list, and can choose to list a site as a "World Heritage Site" in danger. The Commission can also distribute funds to States that request them to preserve World Heritage sites in their sovereignty, but the commission MAY NOT DO ANYTHING WITHOUT STATE CONSENT. The States are required to contribute significantly to the funds of the World Heritage organization, (unless it doesn’t want to, thanks to a disclaimer).
Ecuador National Commission for UNESCO:
Comisión Nacional Ecuatoriana para la UNESCO
Ministerio de Educación y Cultura
Calle Buenos Aires 136 y 10 de Agosto, 5º piso
Casilla 17-01-561
Quito
Ecuador
Tel: (593-2) 255-1146 ; (593-2) 223-5881
Fax: (593-2) 2503-537
E-mail: daicabunesco@andinanet.net
2 Environmental agreements Ecuador has ratified
Antarctic Treaty
An interesting agreement between many countries for conduct, activities, ;and relations in Antarctica with significant and strong language. It basically provides for free access for scientists of all countries, prohibits actions that could endanger the fragile ecosystem of the Antarctic such as dumping nuclear waste (which was a bright idea some had back them for disposal of nuclear waste). The situation wasn’t really like that of the Galápagos, but it has some elements of a precedent.
Biodiversity Treaty
Climate Change Treaty
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Desertification Treaty
Endangered Species Treaty
Hazardous Wastes Treaty
Ozone Layer Protection Treaty
Ship Pollution Treaty
Tropical Timber Treaty 83
Tropical Timber Treaty 94
Wetlands Treaty
1 Biosphere Status
The "Biosphere National Committee of Ecuador" declared the Galápagos a "Biosphere". The Galápagos is also a World Heritage Site (a function of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO), a Biosphere Reserve, and an Ecuador National Park.
8 Ecuador’s Sea Claims - Ecuador claims as its sea territory the continental shelf between the Ecuador and the Galápagos.
8 A Timeline of Events Involving the Galápagos
10 Mar 1535 Spanish discover the islands.
12 Feb 1832 Annexed by Ecuador as a territory.
15 Sep 1835 Visit of Charles Darwin aboard the H.M.S. Beagle.
1851 - 1869 San Cristobal used as a penal colony.
1892 Named Archipelago de Colón.
1941 - 1948 U.S. air base on Baltra.
4 Jul 1959 All areas of the Galápagos declared a national park,
minus previously settled areas.
1968 Administration by the Galapagos National Park Service begins.
12 Feb 1973 Galápagos becomes a province.
2 A Brief Run-Down on the Ecuadorian Government and History
Ecuador is a republic with a turbulent history of frequent military coups and government takeovers. The government is somewhat socialist in character; many industries are still highly state-owned. In 1999, due to a confluence of falling oil prices and a series of natural disasters, the economy imploded. Eventually the leader at the time dollarized the economy over loud protests, and since then the dollar has been the official currency (it replaced the sucre).
The government is headed by a President advised by a cabinet of ministers at the heads of agencies. The system is highly federal with little provincial power, and the President of the Republic is a powerful person. The President is elected for four years with no reelection possible.
The National Congress is a 100 seat unicameral body. The seats are elected by the twenty provinces for four-year terms.
The major seat-holding parties are:
Social Christian Party (PSC) - 25 seats
Roldosist Party (PRE) - 15 seats
Democratic Left (ID) - 16 seats
National Action Institutional Renewal Party (PRIAN) - 10 seats
Patriotic Society Party (PSP) - 9 seats
Pachakutik Movement - 6
Popular Democratic Movement (MPD) - 5
Popular Democracy (DP) - 4
Socialist Party - Broad Front (PS-FA) - 3
Main agricultural products:
bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains, sugarcane; cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products; balsa wood; fish, shrimp
Main industries:
petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals
More Interesting Facts
There are ~15,000 inhabitants on Galapagos,
3% of the land area is inhabited
KEY INDUSTRIES: Cattle grazing, tourism, and fishing
3,000 cattle in cattle herds on Isabella
1990 - 1995 ==> 7.8% pop growth
Value of Galapagos tourism to Ecuador economy: $55 million
National Park Zones:
There are 6 zones
3 zones allow tourists
23 parts are "intensive visitor zones" = 90 people at a time on land
17 "extensive visitor zones" = 12 people at a time
(and one other?)
On Isablla, popular scuba diving sites are Roca Redonda, Punta Vicente Roca
Sea Cucumber fishermen camp illegally on the uninhabited Fernandina, use endangered mangroves for fire fuel, and introduce species into the pristine ecosystem.
==> Back to top
This is a bit too large, so click here
INDIVIDUAL TRANFERABLE QUOTAS (ITQs): FINAL PLAN
A bit to big to include, so click here
Sources: 1 17 22
OUR SECOND POLITICAL SOLUTION
After a consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of the previous plan, we formulated another idea based on a coalition of NGOs who support the Galápagos. This plan forms the nucleus for the final plan. The final plan can be found in the Las Iguanas team website here.
Sources: 1 5 9 11 13 16 18 20 24
****************************************
NGO’s with a vested interest in the Galápagos will be unified underneath a broad international coalition, ORGALA.
Representation within ORGALA and voting power would be based on annual contributions to the Galapagos. ORGALA will elect a scientific panel and funnel all their financial donations into that scientific commission. The panel will serve the following primary purposes:
1. Make policy recommendations for INGALA, the Galápagos National Park Service, the Ministry of the Environment, or any other body that has some kind of jurisdiction over the Galápagos.
2. Make recommendations for the distribution of funding to causes that require greater attention.
3. Use the lobbying power of ORGALA’s consolidated funds to influence reticent government agencies.
4. ORGALA would have the ability to exercise an "economic veto" (a freezing of funding) similar to the actions taken by the World Wildlife Foundation during the dispute over the park director.
The advantage of this plan over the current situation is that ORGALA would control far more funds than any single NGO, and their combined weight would be a powerful policy catalyst.
POSSIBILITY 2: This possibility is identical to the plan above, with the exception that the scientific panel would not directly disburse funds. The primary distinction would be in the role of ORGALA’s stake holders. Instead of vesting complete faith in the scientific panel’s every action, the proportional representation from each NGO would vote on the panel’s recommendations. The advantage here is that stake-holders in ORGALA would have far greater control over their own donations, which would make ORGALA a more attractive entity to join.
****************************************
OUR FIRST ATTEMPT AT A POLITICAL SOLUTION
After long thought, we came up with a tentative plan for establishing an international trust to implement a protection plan for the Galápagos.
Sources: 1 5 9 11 13 16 18 20
****************************************
THE PLAN:
UN aid is offered to Ecuador with a number of provisions:
1. An international commission composed of a scientific panel that drafts proposals and a ratifying representative board (as described below) that can ratify or veto the scientific panel’s plans.
2. The international commission must be allowed to implement a basic preservation strategy that we design.
3. The international commission’s mandates must be ratified by the Ecuadorian Congress as law.
4. Disputes will be referred to the World Court
The international commission:
-Composition:
Scientific Panel = An international group of scientists (chosen by some outside group
Representative Board = (In some defined proportions) Fishing interests, the Ecuadorian government, Local interests, and some kind of environmental/scientific interests
-Powers:
Regulate tourist access
Fishing quotas in Marine Reserve
Maintain an armed park ranger enforcement force
Request assistance from the UN security council
Undertake invasive species eradication programs
Deploy of sensors as the international body sees fit
***********************************
22 17 Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) - A possible solution to the over-fishing problem
This wasn’t really in my field of research as a member of the political team, but twice I ran across an interesting economic concept that relates to the management of a fragile renewable resource.
ITQs are a type of share that harvesters can share in a natural resource, for example fish. The government sells shares of the fish harvest to potential fishermen in the form of numbers of fish per season. Thus, the fisherman can only take as many fish as they have shares in the fish harvest. One of the most common methods which often presents many problems is total quota assignment, in which the government sets a certain quantity of fish that may be taken out of an area of water in a season; once that amount has been harvested, no one may harvest more fish.
If enforced, ITQs protect fish populations by limiting the take of fish (just like total quotas), but they also prevent the total quota phenomenon of fishing "gold rushes". In a system of total quotas, fishermen rush out on the first day of the season and madly fish to try and get as large a slice of the quota pie for themselves as they can.
In an ITQ system, since the fishermen own their own quotas, they can take in the fish at their own leisure.
This prevents flooding the market with huge amounts of fish that no one wants to buy, which would result in rapid deflation of fish prices, which cuts sharply into every fisherman’s profits.
It also eliminates the incentive for fishermen to endanger their crews and equipment by pushing their crews to the limit in their rush to take in fish.
ITQs also provide an entry barrier for entry into the fishing industry, which reduces competition for the existing fishermen.
ITQs also have their disadvantages; for instance, ITQs have a tendency to accumulate in the hands of large fishing businesses, since it is sometimes difficult for fishermen to come up with the lump sum to buy ITQs.
21 Elements of an International Environmentally Protective Treaty -
If we decide to back our protection plan with an international treaty, here is what I have deduced are several common parts of an environmental protection agreement between several countries.
1. Reasoning for the need for the treaty
2. Exact purpose of the treaty
3. Definitions of just about every noun used in the treaty (legal soundproofing)
4. The basic obligations that the treaty places on signing states
5. The content of the treaty - what they are agreeing to exactly in high detail
6. A description of a committee for overseeing the implementation of the treaty (if one is necessary), including composition, voting procedures, meeting times and places, etc.
7. Possible the liability of signing states and the recourse for noncompliance
8. The territory disclaimer - the treaty will not affect the claims of states on any territory
9. (Sometimes) a description of the process for resolving disputes over the treaty, often invoking the authority of the World Court.
19 Ecuadorian Officials - A list of them
US Ambassador: Gangotena, Raul
Min. of Tourism: Eljuri, Gladys
President: Gutierrez Borbua, Lucio
Vice Pres.: Palacio, Alfredo
Min. of Environment: Valdivieso, Fabian
Min. of Urban Development & Housing; Poggi, Bruno
Sec. of National Planning & Development: Fuentes, Maria
Permanent Representative to the UN, New York: Gallegos Chiriboga, Luis
Min. of Foreign Trade: Baki, Ivonne
Min. of Economy & Finance: Yepez, Mauricio
16 Main points on the World Heritage Treaty - The treaty that created the World Heritage Commission (part of UNESCO) gives an idea of the usefulness and limitations of employing UNESCO in a solution of the environmental problems of the Galápagos.
The World Heritage Commission is a group of UN members who collect from participating countries a list of areas of high cultural or environmental significance. The Commission decides whether or not to include the site on their list. Then, they regularly review the sites on their list, and can choose to list a site as a "World Heritage Site" in danger. The Commission can also distribute funds to States that request them to preserve World Heritage sites in their sovereignty, but the commission MAY NOT DO ANYTHING WITHOUT STATE CONSENT. The States are required to contribute significantly to the funds of the World Heritage organization, (unless it doesn’t want to, thanks to a disclaimer).
Ecuador National Commission for UNESCO:
Comisión Nacional Ecuatoriana para la UNESCO
Ministerio de Educación y Cultura
Calle Buenos Aires 136 y 10 de Agosto, 5º piso
Casilla 17-01-561
Quito
Ecuador
Tel: (593-2) 255-1146 ; (593-2) 223-5881
Fax: (593-2) 2503-537
E-mail: daicabunesco@andinanet.net
2 Environmental agreements Ecuador has ratified
Antarctic Treaty
An interesting agreement between many countries for conduct, activities, ;and relations in Antarctica with significant and strong language. It basically provides for free access for scientists of all countries, prohibits actions that could endanger the fragile ecosystem of the Antarctic such as dumping nuclear waste (which was a bright idea some had back them for disposal of nuclear waste). The situation wasn’t really like that of the Galápagos, but it has some elements of a precedent.
Biodiversity Treaty
Climate Change Treaty
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Desertification Treaty
Endangered Species Treaty
Hazardous Wastes Treaty
Ozone Layer Protection Treaty
Ship Pollution Treaty
Tropical Timber Treaty 83
Tropical Timber Treaty 94
Wetlands Treaty
1 Biosphere Status
The "Biosphere National Committee of Ecuador" declared the Galápagos a "Biosphere". The Galápagos is also a World Heritage Site (a function of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO), a Biosphere Reserve, and an Ecuador National Park.
8 Ecuador’s Sea Claims - Ecuador claims as its sea territory the continental shelf between the Ecuador and the Galápagos.
8 A Timeline of Events Involving the Galápagos
10 Mar 1535 Spanish discover the islands.
12 Feb 1832 Annexed by Ecuador as a territory.
15 Sep 1835 Visit of Charles Darwin aboard the H.M.S. Beagle.
1851 - 1869 San Cristobal used as a penal colony.
1892 Named Archipelago de Colón.
1941 - 1948 U.S. air base on Baltra.
4 Jul 1959 All areas of the Galápagos declared a national park,
minus previously settled areas.
1968 Administration by the Galapagos National Park Service begins.
12 Feb 1973 Galápagos becomes a province.
2 A Brief Run-Down on the Ecuadorian Government and History
Ecuador is a republic with a turbulent history of frequent military coups and government takeovers. The government is somewhat socialist in character; many industries are still highly state-owned. In 1999, due to a confluence of falling oil prices and a series of natural disasters, the economy imploded. Eventually the leader at the time dollarized the economy over loud protests, and since then the dollar has been the official currency (it replaced the sucre).
The government is headed by a President advised by a cabinet of ministers at the heads of agencies. The system is highly federal with little provincial power, and the President of the Republic is a powerful person. The President is elected for four years with no reelection possible.
The National Congress is a 100 seat unicameral body. The seats are elected by the twenty provinces for four-year terms.
The major seat-holding parties are:
Social Christian Party (PSC) - 25 seats
Roldosist Party (PRE) - 15 seats
Democratic Left (ID) - 16 seats
National Action Institutional Renewal Party (PRIAN) - 10 seats
Patriotic Society Party (PSP) - 9 seats
Pachakutik Movement - 6
Popular Democratic Movement (MPD) - 5
Popular Democracy (DP) - 4
Socialist Party - Broad Front (PS-FA) - 3
Main agricultural products:
bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains, sugarcane; cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products; balsa wood; fish, shrimp
Main industries:
petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals
More Interesting Facts
There are ~15,000 inhabitants on Galapagos,
3% of the land area is inhabited
KEY INDUSTRIES: Cattle grazing, tourism, and fishing
3,000 cattle in cattle herds on Isabella
1990 - 1995 ==> 7.8% pop growth
Value of Galapagos tourism to Ecuador economy: $55 million
National Park Zones:
There are 6 zones
3 zones allow tourists
23 parts are "intensive visitor zones" = 90 people at a time on land
17 "extensive visitor zones" = 12 people at a time
(and one other?)
On Isablla, popular scuba diving sites are Roca Redonda, Punta Vicente Roca
Sea Cucumber fishermen camp illegally on the uninhabited Fernandina, use endangered mangroves for fire fuel, and introduce species into the pristine ecosystem.
==> Back to top
RESEARCH LINKS
The following are a list of links (with brief descriptions) that I used in some capacity during my research (in the chronological order in which I found them). The number of Xs in the brackets indicate my rating of the usefulness of the resource for my purposes, from 0 (somewhat useful) to 6 (essential).
The numbers ascribed to each link are those used as reference numbers (and links to the listing on this page) in my research (printed immediately previous to the each item 's title)
1.
Charles Darwin Society [XXXXX_]
The main research organization with a station on Galàpagos. The CDF is dedicated to studying and preserving the Galàpagos.
http://www.darwinfoundation.org/
2. CIA World Factbook: Ecuador [XXXX__]
A very useful list of basic statistics about Ecuador.
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ec.html#Govt
3. BBC News Article [XX____]
Ecuador is building a new oil pipeline that will go through protected fragile ecosystems inland. Activists worry that leaks due to seismic activity and routine leaks will destroy the ecosystem. Oil pollution already does much damage to wildlife and to local populations and farmers. The economocentric government doesn't seem to be sympathetic to the protesters.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1930671.stm
4. Mongabay.com [XX____]
Some information about Ecuador’s environmental record.
http://www.mongabay.com/20ecuador.htm
5. Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators [XXX___]
A very conprehensive highly searchable database of Environmental Treaties
http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/entri/index.jsp
6. "Exploring Ecuador" [XXXXX_]
Online travel publication article about travel to Los Galàpagos
http://www.exploringecuador.com/articulos/nuevos/Galapagos_ecuador.htm
7. Information by Google about flags and country. [X_____]
http://flagspot.net/flags/ec-w.html
8. General Ecuador information site [XX____]
http://www.vdiest.nl/America/equador.htm
9. Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide [XXX___]
Source for environmental law (this particular law which established the government of the Galàpagos province is in Spanish only).
http://www.elaw.org/resources/text.asp?id=2420&lang=en
10. Las Encantadas: Human and Cartographic History of the Galàpagos Islands [X_____]
An amazing source of antique maps and photographs of the Galàpagos and its explorers. I haven't seen anything else on the internet as good as this about the cartography and human history of the Galàpagos islands. Not very useful for my project, but fascinating to browse through.
http://www.Galapagos.to/MAPS.HTM
11. Island Trust Fund [XXX___]
An organization dedicated to protecting the West coast of Canada islands - interesting precedent for Galàpagos
(It is only based on land donations and conservation covenants)
http://www.islandstrustfund.bc.ca
12. Australian Government, Antarctic Divison [XXXX__]
A site about Antarctica and the Antarctic Treaty from the Australian government.
http://www-old.aad.gov.au/information/treaty/treaty.asp
13. International Court of Justice [XXXXX_]
Official website of the judiciary body of the UN
http://www.icj-cij.org
14. NASA Visible Earth
[XX____] "Visible Earth" NASA space imagery program. Definitely worth a look - a huge compilation of unbelievable images.
The background image you see on this page is from this site.
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/
15. Island Conservation [XXXX__]
An organization that moves to protect Mexican Pacific Island ecosystems.
http://www.islandconservation.org/
16. UNESCO World Heritage website [XXXXXX]
The official website of the World Heritage Commission, a body formed from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.
http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=160
17. Economics.About.com [XXXX__] An economic thesis about ITQs (Individual Transferable Quotas), and interesting economic idea applied to the Maine lobster fishing problem.
http://economics.about.com/cs/moffattentries/a/lobster_3.htm
18. An article about a hostage situagion involving sea cucumber fishermen.
[XXXX__] http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/ps_galapagos.html
19. A good background informational site about Ecuador from the US immigration service. [XXXX__]
http://www.immigration-usa.com/wfb2004/ecuador/ecuador_chiefs.html
20. World Legal Information Institute [XXXXXX]
An interesting, comprehensive, independent database of international law. This link gives a list of Ecuadorian government websites.
http://www.worldlii.org/catalog/50714.html
21. "Multilaterals Project", Edwin Ginn Library, Tufts University [XXX___]
A great resource for international agreements, focusing on environmental agreements.
http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multilaterals.html
22. National Council for Science and the Environment [XXXX__]
A great paper about ITQs, explaining their benefits, a better explanation and discussion than (17)
http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/Marine/mar-1.cfm
23. The Ministry of the Environment Website [XXX___]
This is the organizational structure of the Ministerio del Ambiente (note the Galapagos Park Service in the upper left, whose link, perhaps due to the upheaval over Naula's dismissal, is not functioning). Unfortunately, this website is Spanish only.
http://www.ambiente.gov.ec/
24. The Miami Herald [XXX___]
This is an interesting article about Ecuador asking the Inter-American Development Bank to intervene in a conflict between sea-cucumber fisherman.
http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/americas/10033361.htm?1c
==> TO My Research
==> TO Homepage
==> TO Las Iguanas team 2
==> TO Mission 2008
==> TO Massachusetts Institute of Technology!
Image © NASA
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/viewrecord?25589
The main research organization with a station on Galàpagos. The CDF is dedicated to studying and preserving the Galàpagos.
http://www.darwinfoundation.org/
2. CIA World Factbook: Ecuador [XXXX__]
A very useful list of basic statistics about Ecuador.
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ec.html#Govt
3. BBC News Article [XX____]
Ecuador is building a new oil pipeline that will go through protected fragile ecosystems inland. Activists worry that leaks due to seismic activity and routine leaks will destroy the ecosystem. Oil pollution already does much damage to wildlife and to local populations and farmers. The economocentric government doesn't seem to be sympathetic to the protesters.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1930671.stm
4. Mongabay.com [XX____]
Some information about Ecuador’s environmental record.
http://www.mongabay.com/20ecuador.htm
5. Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators [XXX___]
A very conprehensive highly searchable database of Environmental Treaties
http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/entri/index.jsp
6. "Exploring Ecuador" [XXXXX_]
Online travel publication article about travel to Los Galàpagos
http://www.exploringecuador.com/articulos/nuevos/Galapagos_ecuador.htm
7. Information by Google about flags and country. [X_____]
http://flagspot.net/flags/ec-w.html
8. General Ecuador information site [XX____]
http://www.vdiest.nl/America/equador.htm
9. Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide [XXX___]
Source for environmental law (this particular law which established the government of the Galàpagos province is in Spanish only).
http://www.elaw.org/resources/text.asp?id=2420&lang=en
10. Las Encantadas: Human and Cartographic History of the Galàpagos Islands [X_____]
An amazing source of antique maps and photographs of the Galàpagos and its explorers. I haven't seen anything else on the internet as good as this about the cartography and human history of the Galàpagos islands. Not very useful for my project, but fascinating to browse through.
http://www.Galapagos.to/MAPS.HTM
11. Island Trust Fund [XXX___]
An organization dedicated to protecting the West coast of Canada islands - interesting precedent for Galàpagos
(It is only based on land donations and conservation covenants)
http://www.islandstrustfund.bc.ca
12. Australian Government, Antarctic Divison [XXXX__]
A site about Antarctica and the Antarctic Treaty from the Australian government.
http://www-old.aad.gov.au/information/treaty/treaty.asp
13. International Court of Justice [XXXXX_]
Official website of the judiciary body of the UN
http://www.icj-cij.org
14. NASA Visible Earth
[XX____] "Visible Earth" NASA space imagery program. Definitely worth a look - a huge compilation of unbelievable images.
The background image you see on this page is from this site.
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/
15. Island Conservation [XXXX__]
An organization that moves to protect Mexican Pacific Island ecosystems.
http://www.islandconservation.org/
16. UNESCO World Heritage website [XXXXXX]
The official website of the World Heritage Commission, a body formed from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.
http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=160
17. Economics.About.com [XXXX__] An economic thesis about ITQs (Individual Transferable Quotas), and interesting economic idea applied to the Maine lobster fishing problem.
http://economics.about.com/cs/moffattentries/a/lobster_3.htm
18. An article about a hostage situagion involving sea cucumber fishermen.
[XXXX__] http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/ps_galapagos.html
19. A good background informational site about Ecuador from the US immigration service. [XXXX__]
http://www.immigration-usa.com/wfb2004/ecuador/ecuador_chiefs.html
20. World Legal Information Institute [XXXXXX]
An interesting, comprehensive, independent database of international law. This link gives a list of Ecuadorian government websites.
http://www.worldlii.org/catalog/50714.html
21. "Multilaterals Project", Edwin Ginn Library, Tufts University [XXX___]
A great resource for international agreements, focusing on environmental agreements.
http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multilaterals.html
22. National Council for Science and the Environment [XXXX__]
A great paper about ITQs, explaining their benefits, a better explanation and discussion than (17)
http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/Marine/mar-1.cfm
23. The Ministry of the Environment Website [XXX___]
This is the organizational structure of the Ministerio del Ambiente (note the Galapagos Park Service in the upper left, whose link, perhaps due to the upheaval over Naula's dismissal, is not functioning). Unfortunately, this website is Spanish only.
http://www.ambiente.gov.ec/
24. The Miami Herald [XXX___]
This is an interesting article about Ecuador asking the Inter-American Development Bank to intervene in a conflict between sea-cucumber fisherman.
http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/world/americas/10033361.htm?1c
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