Team 6: Resources

ABS-CBN Interactive Early disaster warning system can save lives Retrieved September 22,2005 from the ABS-CBN News Website: http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=16767

This news web page reports the about the future of the disaster alert systems in the Pacific. The role of UNESCOs IOC, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, in coordinating and linking warning systems to create a global network is discussed.
Adams, W. (1970) Tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean. Honolulu, HI: East West Center Press.

The team at University of Hawaii has taken a very deep look into the warning systems already in place in that region of the Pacific. The book also addresses the regional warning systems and the possibility of integrating systems to develop a global disaster warning system.
The Age Lack of Warning System Cost Lives Retrieved September 22,2005 from The Age Website: http://www.theage.com.au/news/Science/Lack-of-warning-system-cost-lives/2004/12/27/1103996496454.html

This web page relates the importance of an early warning system in the effective preparedness for a tsunami. This kind of a warning system, well coordinated and organized will be able to alert the populace of the coming of a tsunami in about 15 minutes.
Anderson, William A. "Disaster Warning and Communication Processes in Two Communities." Journal of Communication (pre-1986) 19.2 (1969): 92. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=608398701&Fmt=7&clientId=65345&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

This article compares and contrasts the responses in Crescent City, California and in Hilo, Hawaii to a tsunami which occured on Marc27, 1964. Anderson focuses on the specific responsibilities of local officials and on the importance of clear and speedy information. For means of warning, he discusses door-to-door visits, publc sirens, police force supervision of evacuation, and use of local radio stations. He also addresses the problem of false alarms and the need for the public to be accustomed to hearing emergency information on the radio.
Bird, J. & Labkowski, Z. (2005, January 22-Jan 28, 2005). "Managing tsunami risk."The Lancet, 365, 9456, pp 271-273.

This article first says that, if residents have enough knowledge, feeling the ground shake in a coastal region or seeing the ocean recede is enough warning to instigate an evacuation before a tsunami hits. It supports this statement with examples and then goes on to say that established communication systems are necessary for early warning systems. It also makes the important point that these systems also have to be able to withstand string earthquake shaking.
Buehner, T. "How does the Tsunami Warning System work?" (2005, September 20). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/warning_system_works.html

This article first presents the challenges presented by the short time it takes some tsunamis to hit land, and then goes on to describe the operations of the West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center. First, this center issues watches and warnings and sends out tsunami information bulletins to the western coast of North America. Next, the article tells how this warning is disseminated and people in low-lying costal areas are evacuated. This source is unique in that it gives a good overview of how the different organizational levels of the warning system work together.
Carlberg, Ken, et al. Preferential Emergency Communications : From Telecommunications to the Internet. Boston: Kluwer Acedemic Publishers, 2003.

This book focuses on communication methods used between emergency personnel. It touches on the issues surrounding that area including security and ways to give preferance to emergency communications.
Communication when it's Needed most: How New Technology could Help in Sudden Disasters. Washington D.C.: The Annenberg Washington Program in Communications Policy Studies of Northwestern University, 1989.

This report is a compilation of articles on how to use communication to decrease the loss of lives from sudden natural disasters. The report lists four goals for improvements on the current situation. These include forging a closer bond between emergency responders and the mass media, creating an international center for disasters so that people from around the world can learn from the disasters that have occured elsewhere and using remote-imaging satellite systems to map worldwide disaster areas and plan for disaster prevention.
Crawford, George L., et al. "Local Tsunami Warning in the Pacific Coastal United States." Natural Hazards Volume 35, Number 1 (May 2005): 111 - 119.

The authors discuss various emergency warning systems including sirens, telephones playing pre-recorded messages, weather radio, commercial radio, commercial television, cable. The article emphasizes the need for redundancy of warnings.
Crawford, George L. "NOAA Weather Radio (NWR) ? A Coastal Solution to Tsunami Alert and Notification." Natural Hazards Volume 35, Number 1 (May 2005): 163 - 171.

Crawford focuses on NOAA Weather Radio as an emergency warning system, providing a chart showing the route of a warning message through various agencies. He also suggests some outdoor warning systems including bright blue strobe lights and 360 degree speakers. He suggests wind, solar and commercial power for these devices.
Darienzo, M., Aya, A., Crawford, G.L., Gibbs, D., Whitmore, P.M., Wilde, T. & Yanagi, B.S. (2005) Local Tsunami Warning in the Pacific Coastal U.S. Natural Hazards 35(1) , 111-119.

This article provides details of structure of the tsunami alert system in Washington state and its effectiveness. The man-made structure was designed to alert people to tsunamis caused by distant earthquakes, but relies on the populace to notice symptoms of a local tsunami such as earthquake shaking or unusual ocean behavior.
de Diaz-Limaco, J.H. (1998). Peru: A Guide to the People, Politics and Culture. New York: Interlink Books.

This is basically a guide book to the country of Peru. But, it contains more than the usual information for tourists, including both Peru's colonial and recent history along with sections on Peru's economy.
Direccion de Hidrografia y Navigacion (30 October 2005). "SISTEMA INTERNACIONAL DE ALERTA DE TSUNAMIS EN EL PACIFICO." http://www.dhn.mil.pe/index.asp?pag=sistemaalerta.

This site contains a description of Peru's existing tsunami warning system. It also features information about the last detected earthquake in Peru and whether a tsunami was caused. It is maintained by the Peruvian navy, in Spanish.
Earthquake Prediction and Public Policy (1975) Washington, D.C: National Academy of Sciences.

This report published by the national academy of sciences, looks at the disaster warning system in a different angle: socially and politically. The importance of a warning system is addressed, focusing on the development of systems that are specific to the characteristicspolitical, social, and economicalof the region.
Emergencies & Disasters. (2005, September 19). Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/katrina.htm.

This site describes the various US agencies, including the Federal Emergency Management Agency, involved in emergency response. The descriptions are given mainly in the context of Hurricane Katrina.
Ewing, L., Wallendorf, L. (2002). Solutions to Coastal Disasters 02. 328-331; 378-384.

The series of papers presented in this anthology deals with the causes of coastal disasters, response strategies, engineering and design to minimize the effect of the catastrophes and coastal area management. It addresses through detailed studies the possibility of having coordinated warning systems as well as response systems through out a small nation as well as around the globe.
FDCH Congressional Testimony. (2005) Tsunami Warning System Expansion Dr Groat, C.

The statement given by Dr Groat came as a response to the December 2004 tsunami in the Pacific Ocean. In his address he evaluates the destruction caused by the lack of an effective warning system and proposes the creation of new warning systems that could supplement efficiently and effectively with the ones already in place.
Federal Communications Commission (2003). "Part II: Emergency Alert System." Publisher: Federal Communications Commission. http://www.fcc.gov/eb/eas/47part11.pdf .

This is a detailed description of the United States' Emergency Alert System, and explains exactly how weather and other alerts are conveyed in the U.S.
Federal Communications Commission Fact Sheet, the Emergency alert system (EAS). (2005, September 20). http://www.fcc.gov/eb/easfact.html.

This site describes the way the ’s emergency Alert system sends out messages. It also mentions some reasons that this system is important and why it was established. This information will be useful as a basis for designing our own alert system.
Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. (1993). Peru: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.

This book includes information about nearly every facet of the country of Peru. Particularly of interest are the chapters on Peru's government, economy, and national security/armed services.
Federal Signal informer. (October 2005) http://www.pwservice.com/informer.htm.
FSM Telecommunications Corporation (2005). The homepage of Micronesia's cell phone service provider. Retrieved Sept. 21, 2005 from World Wide Web: http://www.telecom.fm/index.htm.

This site contains information about the prevalence and cost of cellular phones, cable television and internet access in Micronesia and the areas where these services are available. More information can probably be gathered by contacting the company.
Gray, D. (2000, April 7) Monster Wave Alert. Current Science 85, 14,10

This article discusses the cutting edge technology of underwater monitors in aiding the tsunami warning process. The most outstanding feature of this technology is the coordination and the integrated response that it enables in the event of a tsunami.
"Guide for the Selection of Communication Equipment for Emergency First Responders." (2002) . 9/21/2005. Publisher: U.S. Dept of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.

This is a guide meant to help emergency aid providers choose appropriate communication equipment. The guide deals in depth with radio systems, differentiating between the many options.
Hayden, T. (2005, January 24) Preventing Disaster. US News and World Report, 138, 32

Thomas Hayden analyzes the lack of a coordinated emergency warning system in the Indian ocean that led to the most devastating tsunami in recent history. The article also addresses the role of the ITSU, the United Nations body for coordinating the warning systems in the pacific.
Hebenstreit, G. (2001) Tsunami Research at the End of a Critical Decade

This collection of Tsunami research subjects delves into the details of the causes of the tsunami including landslide and debris as well as the velocity and the characteristics of the propagation of the wave. The efficiency of warning systems can be related to the propagation of the wave, its velocity and its behavior.
Hewitt, K. (1997) Regions of Risk A Geographical Introduction to Disasters. Essex, England: Addison, Wesley, Longman Limited.

An in depth analysis of events happening right after a disaster occurs is presented. The anthology goes beyond the technology of a warning system to the social and cultural aspects of a region that affect the efficiency of the warning system.
Hezel, Francis X. SJ. "Micronesian Government: A view from the Outside". Micronesia Counselor #55 (April 2005). http://www.micsem.org/pubs/counselor/frames/viewoutsidefr.htm .

This site, prepared by jesuit missionaries, examines the social and political structure of Micronesia. Articles on this website examine the history of social change in FSM and the different levels of organization on the islands.
Hughes, D.T. & Lingenfelter, S.G. (Eds.). (1974) Political Development in Micronesia. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.

This book discusses the political structure and climate of Micronesia. Specifically, large sections are dedicated to the regional and local governments on Micronesia's four main islands and the mixing of traditional government structures and modern, western government structures.
ITIC Welcome to Valparaiso Retrieved September 22, 2005 from the UNESCO Website: http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/

The International Tsunami Information Centre addresses the new challenges it faces as it attempts to monitor and warn the Pacific. The ITIC has to accommodate and coordinate the emerging regional tsunami warning and mitigation systems.
International Disaster Communications: Harnessing the Power of Communications to Avert Disasters and Save Lives. Ed. Fred H. Cate. Washington, D.C.: The Annenberg Washington Program in Communications Policy Studies of Northwestern University, 1994.

This is a compilation of articles. dealing with emergency communication systems. One article addresses ways to build a stronger relationship between the media and disatster mitigation agencies. Another article goes through disasters step by steps and points out ways that communication is needed along the way.
International Tsunami Information Center (2000). Tsunami Newsletter 1998-1999. Honolulu: ITIC.

The Tsunami Newsletter is published every two years and includes reports on tsunami disasters and warning systems from all countries connected to the International Tsunami Information Center. This particular newsletter includes a report from Peru outlining improvements in its tsunami preparedness.
ITSU Master Plan.[Electronic version]. Sistema Nacional de Alarma de Maremotos (SNAM). UNESCO/ICO. http://www.crid.or.cr/crid/CD_Alerta_Temprana/pdf/eng/doc14524-3e.pdf.

This document gives some useful information about the existing Chilean and Nicaraguan tsunami warning systems and the ones Australia and Colombia are developing. It talks about the shortcomings of the systems that are in place and briefly about how warnings are given out to the public by the existing systems.
Johnston, D., Paton, D., Crawford, G.L., Ronan, K., Houghton, B., & Burgelt, P. (2005). Measuring Tsunami Preparedness in Coastal Washington, U.S. Natural Hazards 35(1) , 173-184.

The authors surveyed the residents of coastal Washington and found that the respondents were highly unprepared for a tsunami disaster although information on tsunami preparedness had been disseminated. The authors include recommendations to increase the preparedness of the population.
Joyce, C. (reporting), Montagne, Renee (host).(2005, June 9). Morning Edition. Washington,D.C.: National Public Radio Inc.

This article stresses the continuing risk posed by tsunamis and the importance of creating a warning system in the Indian Ocean. It mentioned the US ’s involvement in an effort to put submerged buoys throughout the Indian Ocean and create faster e-mail and phone links between western scientists and countries at risk.
Kusky<, T.(2005, March). Are we ready for Tsunamis? Planning. 71, 3, pp. 28-29.

As the title suggests, this article explores the question of whether the US is prepared for a tsunami. It describes the warning system on Hawaii ’s beaches and talks about measures the US and other countries have taken to be able to detect and react to tsunamis. The description of Hawaii’s warning system may be particularly useful.
Lander, J.F., Whiteside, L.S. & Lockridge, P.A. (2002). "Two Decades of Global Tsunamis: 1982 - 2002." Science of Tsunami Hazards 21, 1, 3.

This article contains data on every tsunami recorded in the world between 1982 and 2002, including run-up heights in the areas hit worst, magnitude of causal earthquake, and damage caused. There were a few tsunamis caused by underwater landslides or other non-earthquake events, and one tsunami with no known cause.
Lemon, D.M. (2004). A Methodology for the Identification of Critical Locations in Infrastructures. Cambridge: DSpace at MIT.

This is a Master's thesis outlining how critical and/or weak points in any infrastructure can be identified and protected in case of an emergency.
Long, J. T. (2005, January 31). Storm brewing over Tsunami Warning System Proposals.ENR. 254, 4, p. 12.

This article states that the largest problem in designing a better tsunami warning system at this point is not putting in new sensors for monitoring, but, rather, communication. This, according to the author, is “the weakest link.” The author establishes the importance of concentrating on the communication aspect of a warning system which.
Macan-Markar, M. (2005, April 7). Tsunami Impact: Thailand's developing disaster warning system. Global Information Network.

This article describes the new early warning system that was set up on Patong Beach in Thailand after the December 26 tsunami that killed many people there. The system comprises loudspeakers that broadcast news reports daily and automated towers with sirens which are a part of Thailand’s National Disaster Warning Centre (NDWC). Similar systems will soon be put up on other beaches. This site differs from the others in that it concentrates on describing the actual set up of the warning device.
Macan-Markar, M. (2005, March 29). Tsunami Impact: Communities can play a vital role in disasters.Global Information Network. p. 1.

This article states that community involvement, in addition to high-tech monitoring and detection systems and a communication network to transmit alarms about impending tsunamis, is essential to an effective tsunami warning system. It gives an example of how civilians, police, and military in southern Thailand were able to evacuate the residents of a vulnerable area in the middle of the night in an orderly manner and within 30 minutes by simply knocking on doors. It then cites a similar example of how the combined efforts of religious leaders, village leaders, and police successfully evacuated a village in Sri Lanka. This article gives a clear idea of how warning and evacuation could take place in a place with little communication infrastructure.
MacQueen, K (2005, July 1) A quake reveals the sad story of the West Coast Warning System. Macleans 118, 27, 20.

This article focuses mainly on the warning systems on the west coast of the United States and Canada. The article claims that despite the presence of warning systems instituted along the coast, they can only be efficient enough if they are well coordinated and integrated to allow for the smooth progression of the warning from one region to the next.
Martinez, A., Villarroel, V., Seoane, J., del Pozo, F. (2005). Analysis of Information and Communication Needs in Rural Primary Health Care in Developing Countries. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 9(1), 66-73.

This article summarizes several studies involving the communication needs of rural health care facilities in Peru and Nicaragua. Overall, the authors found that the available communications infrastructure is neither adequate nor efficient, and present several recommendations for alternative communcation technology for developing countries.
McInnes, R., Jakeways, J. (2002) Instability: Planning and Management

This book addresses the planning and management aspects of natural disasters focused around the ground instability problems on the Isle of Wight. It also factors in research on unstable coastal areas as well while emphasizing the importance of coordinated warning systems that complement the research and monitoring.
Micronesia, Federated States of. (2005, October 20) The World Fact Book. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/fm.html.
Mileti, Dennis S., and John H. Sorensen. Communication of Emergency Public Warnings: A Social Science Perspective and State-of-the Art Assessment., August 1990. http://emc.ornl.gov/EMCWeb/EMC/PDF/CommunicationFinal.pdf. 9/20/2005. Prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C. Prepared by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak ridge, Tennessee 37831-6285

This report outlines warning procedures for all types of emergencies. It includes a discussion of the current warning systems used in the US, the structure of a good warning system, and guidelines for building new warning systems.
Mumm, A. J. (2001, May). Sounding the alarm on tornado sirens. Geospatial Solutions. 11, 5, p. 22.

This article gives a detailed description and map of Polk County, Iowa’s tornado warning system which consists of a network of sirens. It explains how the Emergency Management Agency is attempting to maximize the sirens’ coverage area with minimal overlap. Similar systems are often used for tsunami warning.
National Emergency Response Plan. (2004, December).[Electronic version]. US Department of Homeland Security.

This document details the workings of the US’s plan for responding to and preparing for emergencies, including natural disasters. It gives in-depth information on how local agencies involved in emergency response should interact with Federal agencies.
National Weather Service (1987) Disaster Preparedness Report. 21-30.

The report compiled by the national weather service records the disaster warning systems in placed around the United States. It addresses disaster preparedness based on the efficiency of alert and communication systems throughout the United States.
Neto, I. (2004). Wireless Networks for the Developing World: The Regulation and Use of License-Exempt Radio Bands in Africa. Cambridge: DSpace at MIT.

This thesis discusses the concept of license-exempt radio bands (ie frequencies reserved for low-cost telecommunications and not sold to broadcasting companies). Although it focuses on Africa, the idea could easily be transferred to Peru or Micronesia where the license-exempt radio band might be reserved for emergency communications.
Nott, H. (2005, August 5). Tsunami Warnings a reality for Indian Ocean countries in 1 yr.AAP General News Wire.

This article briefly describes the progress being made by UNESCO in the design of a tsunami detection/warning system being created in the Indian Ocean. It noted that the sensors that will be used in the detection system can relay information to the warning centers almost instantaneously. Also progress is being made on models that will help this system distinguish between an earthquake that has caused a Tsunami and one that has not.
Nott, H. (2005, August 3).Tsunami warning must be backed by good response – experts.AAP General News Wire.

Executive Secretary of UNESCO’s ICO stresses the importance of not only having a good detection system, but also a good plan for communicating to and evacuating populations, as well as alerting authorities and coordinating the logistics of moving people.
Nufer, H.F. (1978). Micronesia under American Rule: an evaluation of the strategic trusteeship (1947-77). Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press.

From 1947 to 1986, Micronesia was controlled by the U.S. under a so-called Strategic Trusteeship. Nufer examines the effectiveness of this relationship in promoting the economy, welfare, political development and modernization of Micronesia. The Strategic Trusteeship was ended in 1986 in favor of a Compact of Free Association, under which the U.S. still provides defence and economic assistance.
Oliver, D.O. (1971). Planning Micronesia's Future. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

This is a summary of an economic report on Micronesia prepared by the U.S. Commercial Company. It describes in great detail the workings of the Micronesian economy and makes recommendations for its improvement. Included with the recommendations are discussions of the difficulties involved in meeting those goals and what attempts have been made in the past.
One News Call to Extend Tsunami Warning System Retrieved September 22, 2005 from the One News Website: http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411365/610803

The news website details the plan to extend the warning systems already in place, in New Zealand. Adding more warning systems will add to the efficiency of the tsunami response, the reports says, as all the warning systems will be coordinated and respond in unison to an alert from the agencies monitoring the Pacific.
Orlove, B.S. (1977). Alpacas, Sheep, and Men: The Wool Export Economy and Regional Society in Southern Peru. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

Alpacas, Sheep and Men is an in depth, anthropological analysis of the indigenous Peruvian economy and society. It provides a very clear picture of what technologies and customs are present in rural areas of Peru.
Ortega, C. & Romero, C. (1977). Communication Policies in Peru: A Study. Paris: Unesco.

This is a scientific study on the Peruvian communications infrastructure. It includes information on mass communication, the reliability/durability of the systems in place at the time (1977), the quality of the broadcast services available and recommendations for improvements to the infrastructure.
Outdoor Warning Systems Guide. Vol. FEMA CPG 1-17. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1980. 9/19/2005.

This report outlines the major outdoor alert mechanisms. These include sirens, loudspeakers, horns and whistles. The report rates warning methods by the sound levels produced. It also includes specific advice for setting up an outdoor warning system that utilizes sound.
Pacific Islands Trading and Investment Commission. (2002).Information for companies interested in doing business in/with Pacific Islands. Retrieved Sept. 22, 2005 from World Wide Web: http://www.sptc.gov.au/home.htm

This website contains geographic information as well as a look into the business environment of Micronesia.
Papadopoulos, G.A. & Imamura, F. (2001). A proposal for a new tsunami intensity scale. International Tsunami Symposium Proceedings , Seattle, WA 7 - 10 August 2001.

This site outlines a scale for measuring the intensity of a tsunami. The scale is for the most part qualitative and corresponds to the Mercalli scale for earthquake intensity.
Perkins, S. (2005, January 22) United States to deploy 32 more buoys for sensing tsunamis. Science News, 167, 54

This magazine article outlines the US response to the tsunami that struck the Indian Ocean in 2004. It addresses the importance of a warning system in the pacific coast and more importantly the integration of such early warnings to facilitate a more complete, coordinated response.
Perry, W. Ronald. "Incentives for Evacuation in Natural Disaster." American Planning Association.Journal of the American Planning Association 45.4 (1979): 440. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1908193&Fmt=7&clientId=65345&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Perry suggests incentives that will encourage a population to evacuate an area. These include providing safe destinations, plausible routes, and advance information of the above mentioned. Perry also discusses the need for warning confirmation centers so that citizens can verify a warning for themselves.
Peru: A Telecoms Market Access Study (2002). A profile of the Peruvian telecom market. Retrieved Sept. 23 from World Wide Web: http://mkaccdb.eu.int/study/studies/26.doc.

This report was financed by the European Commission and explains every side of the telecommunication market in Peru, including phone service, radio, broadcasting, and internet service. The availability, price and quality of these services is rated and compared.
Platform for the Promotion of Early Warning. (2005). "Tsunami Warning Systems." Publisher: United Nations/International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. http://www.unisdr.org/ppew/tsunami/back-information/backinfor-tsunami-ws.htm .

This site details warning systems that exist in various parts of the world including Japan, Hawaii and the U.S.

Quad cities. (2005, October) National Weather Service Forecast Office. http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dvn/wxradio/nwrrcvr.htm
Ramirez, F. Jorge, and P. Carlos Perez. "The Local Tsunami Alert System ('SLAT'): A Computational Tool for the Integral Management of a Tsunami Emergency " Natural Hazards Volume 31, Number 1 (January 2004): pp 129 - 142.

This article describes the "Local Tsunami Alert System" (SLAT). SLAT uses information about earthquakes to predict the magnitude, direction, speed and point of contact of the tsunamis that may be produced. It then takes or recommends actions based on the predictions. SLAT was designed for the pacific coast of South America and is prepared in Spanish.
Richards, P. (2005, January 24). Tsunami Impact:Caribbean Nations to Expand Warning Systems.Global Information Network. p.1.

This article talks about what parts of a tsunami early warning system in the are needed as well as describing what is already in place. It mentions the importance of making sure the public knows how to respond to warnings.
Rikitake, T. Earthquake Forecasting and Warning (1982) Tokyo, Japan: Center for Academic Publications.

This volume looks at the historic warning measures that were taken at the time of actual earthquakes and analyzes the flaws in such warning measures. Furthermore, it outlines a step by step procedure for increasing the efficiency and accountability of a warning system.
Sandlake Recreation Area. (2005, August 2) Siuslaw National Forest. http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/siuslaw/recreation/tripplanning/sandlake/index.shtm
Sheble, N. (2005, February). Tsunami sensing refined. In Tech. 52, 2, pp. 55-56.

This article describes the failure of officials to warn people of a possible tsunami after the December 26^th, 2004 earthquake was detected. An emphasis is put on new sensor technology that is being developed to allow warnings to be given out more quickly.
State new release. (2004, December 29). Washington State Emergency Management Division. http://access.wa.gov/news/2004/Dec/n20041129_7907.aspx.

This article describes the tsunami warning and evacuation system for the US west coast, concentrating on the role of AHAB (All-Hazard Alert Broadcasting system). This system has flashing lights, self-sufficient power, a high-volume siren, and lets authorities broadcast public address announcements. It can give warning to relatively remote, outdoor locations where other modes of warning (like television and radio) may not be available. This is particularly detailed information about the warning device itself, unlike most other sources listed here.
A Seismic Early Warning System. Annenberg/CPB Resources – Earth Revealed -25, Living With Earth, Part I. USGS CMG.

This brief article describes an early warning system that has potential to give a little bit of warning to coastal areas even if they are very close to the source of the tsunami. It may only give 10 – 20 extra seconds, but that is, at least enough to stop transportation into the area and warn people to take cover. This kind of information will help define the conditions under which a warning system should operate.
Starn, O., Degregori, C.I., & Kirk, R. (Eds). (1995). The Peru Reader.Durham: Duke University Press.

The Peru Reader is a series of short stories and first-person accounts of life in Peru. Although much of the book deals with colonial Peru, there are a number of pieces concerning modern Peruvian life.
Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, American Society of Engineers. (2002). Atico, Peru M_W 8.4 Earthquake of June 23, 2001. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.

This is a report detailing the damage caused by the earthquake mentioned in the title. It covers many aspects of the Peruvian infrastructure, including communications systems. The Technical Council also included their recommendations for improvements to these systems to prevent damage in another such disaster.
Tierney, K. J. Implementing a seismic computerized alert network (SCAN) for Southern California: Lessons and guidance from the literature on warning response and warning systems. (2000) University of Delaware Disaster Research Center. http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/19716/1155/1/FPR45.pdf.
Tsunami Education a priority in Hawaii and West Coast States. (2001, June). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 82, 6, pp 1207-1208.

This article is about how the issue of tsunami preparedness is being dealt with in the US. It talks about the US’s two tsunami warning centers and their partnership with state emergency managers, the US Geological Survey, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. It tells of how Scientists have created inundation models and evacuation plans for the US’s west coast, Alaska, and Hawaii and stresses the importance of tsunami education due to the possibility of a deadly wave coming before warnings can be sent out.
Tsunami Inundation Preparedness in Coastal Communities " U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program Review and International Tsunami Symposium. ITS 2001 Proceedings, NTHMP Review Session, Paper R-18. Seattle, Washington, 7-10 August 2001. 9/20/2005.

This article discusses NOAA radio being the primary emergency warning system in the United States. It also emphasizes other warning systems including signs and public service announcements.
The Tsunami Warning System An International effort to save lives and protect property Retrieved September 22, 2005 from University of Washington Website: www. http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/warning/reference.html

This website details the organization and the proceedings of the Tsunami Warning System, an International Organization in charge of tsunami monitoring in the pacific. The coordination and integration of the efforts of the nations involved is emphasized, further suggesting an a more expansive interconnected warning network throughout the pacific.
Tsunami Warning Systems and Procedures: Guidance for Local Officials. (2001) Oregon Emergency Management and the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. pp 15 - 25. http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/pdf/or_sp35.pdf
Work together for tsunami warning. (2005, February).Intermedia. 33, 1, p 5.

This brief article presents an argument for collaboration on natural disaster warning systems. It claims that collaboration ensures efficient use of funds and effectiveness. It also lists possible means of spreading warning, including internet, television, and radio messages, sirens, and highway signs. In short, it provides useful information and interesting points to consider.
Wu, Y. & Kanamori, H. (2005). Experiment on an Onsite Early Warning Method for the Taiwan Early Warning System. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95(1) , 347-353.

This article details a new warning system in place in Taiwan that not only alerts the populace in case of a tsunami, but also analyses detected earthquakes to determine if they will produce tsunamis.
Yalciner, A., Pelinovsky E., Okal, E., Synolakis, E. (2003) Submarine Landslides and Tsunamis

The editors have compiled wide ranging research done on the various aspects of tsunamis including historical tsunamis, tsunami generation, tsunami propagation, and mitigation. By analyzing the numerical models of tsunami propagation, a scientific basis can be laid to the efficient functioning of a warning system.

	Team Resources: Annotated Bibliography
Home System Components Warning Message Integration Resources	ABS-CBN Interactive Early disaster warning system can save lives Retrieved September 22,2005 from the ABS-CBN News Website: http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=16767 This news web page reports the about the future of the disaster alert systems in the Pacific. The role of UNESCOs IOC, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, in coordinating and linking warning systems to create a global network is discussed. Adams, W. (1970) Tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean. Honolulu, HI: East West Center Press. The team at University of Hawaii has taken a very deep look into the warning systems already in place in that region of the Pacific. The book also addresses the regional warning systems and the possibility of integrating systems to develop a global disaster warning system. The Age Lack of Warning System Cost Lives Retrieved September 22,2005 from The Age Website: http://www.theage.com.au/news/Science/Lack-of-warning-system-cost-lives/2004/12/27/1103996496454.html This web page relates the importance of an early warning system in the effective preparedness for a tsunami. This kind of a warning system, well coordinated and organized will be able to alert the populace of the coming of a tsunami in about 15 minutes. Anderson, William A. "Disaster Warning and Communication Processes in Two Communities." Journal of Communication (pre-1986) 19.2 (1969): 92. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=608398701&Fmt=7&clientId=65345&RQT=309&VName=PQD. This article compares and contrasts the responses in Crescent City, California and in Hilo, Hawaii to a tsunami which occured on Marc27, 1964. Anderson focuses on the specific responsibilities of local officials and on the importance of clear and speedy information. For means of warning, he discusses door-to-door visits, publc sirens, police force supervision of evacuation, and use of local radio stations. He also addresses the problem of false alarms and the need for the public to be accustomed to hearing emergency information on the radio. Bird, J. & Labkowski, Z. (2005, January 22-Jan 28, 2005). "Managing tsunami risk."The Lancet, 365, 9456, pp 271-273. This article first says that, if residents have enough knowledge, feeling the ground shake in a coastal region or seeing the ocean recede is enough warning to instigate an evacuation before a tsunami hits. It supports this statement with examples and then goes on to say that established communication systems are necessary for early warning systems. It also makes the important point that these systems also have to be able to withstand string earthquake shaking. Buehner, T. "How does the Tsunami Warning System work?" (2005, September 20). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/warning_system_works.html This article first presents the challenges presented by the short time it takes some tsunamis to hit land, and then goes on to describe the operations of the West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center. First, this center issues watches and warnings and sends out tsunami information bulletins to the western coast of North America. Next, the article tells how this warning is disseminated and people in low-lying costal areas are evacuated. This source is unique in that it gives a good overview of how the different organizational levels of the warning system work together. Carlberg, Ken, et al. Preferential Emergency Communications : From Telecommunications to the Internet. Boston: Kluwer Acedemic Publishers, 2003. This book focuses on communication methods used between emergency personnel. It touches on the issues surrounding that area including security and ways to give preferance to emergency communications. Communication when it's Needed most: How New Technology could Help in Sudden Disasters. Washington D.C.: The Annenberg Washington Program in Communications Policy Studies of Northwestern University, 1989. This report is a compilation of articles on how to use communication to decrease the loss of lives from sudden natural disasters. The report lists four goals for improvements on the current situation. These include forging a closer bond between emergency responders and the mass media, creating an international center for disasters so that people from around the world can learn from the disasters that have occured elsewhere and using remote-imaging satellite systems to map worldwide disaster areas and plan for disaster prevention. Crawford, George L., et al. "Local Tsunami Warning in the Pacific Coastal United States." Natural Hazards Volume 35, Number 1 (May 2005): 111 - 119. The authors discuss various emergency warning systems including sirens, telephones playing pre-recorded messages, weather radio, commercial radio, commercial television, cable. The article emphasizes the need for redundancy of warnings. Crawford, George L. "NOAA Weather Radio (NWR) ? A Coastal Solution to Tsunami Alert and Notification." Natural Hazards Volume 35, Number 1 (May 2005): 163 - 171. Crawford focuses on NOAA Weather Radio as an emergency warning system, providing a chart showing the route of a warning message through various agencies. He also suggests some outdoor warning systems including bright blue strobe lights and 360 degree speakers. He suggests wind, solar and commercial power for these devices. Darienzo, M., Aya, A., Crawford, G.L., Gibbs, D., Whitmore, P.M., Wilde, T. & Yanagi, B.S. (2005) Local Tsunami Warning in the Pacific Coastal U.S. Natural Hazards 35(1) , 111-119. This article provides details of structure of the tsunami alert system in Washington state and its effectiveness. The man-made structure was designed to alert people to tsunamis caused by distant earthquakes, but relies on the populace to notice symptoms of a local tsunami such as earthquake shaking or unusual ocean behavior. de Diaz-Limaco, J.H. (1998). Peru: A Guide to the People, Politics and Culture. New York: Interlink Books. This is basically a guide book to the country of Peru. But, it contains more than the usual information for tourists, including both Peru's colonial and recent history along with sections on Peru's economy. Direccion de Hidrografia y Navigacion (30 October 2005). "SISTEMA INTERNACIONAL DE ALERTA DE TSUNAMIS EN EL PACIFICO." http://www.dhn.mil.pe/index.asp?pag=sistemaalerta. This site contains a description of Peru's existing tsunami warning system. It also features information about the last detected earthquake in Peru and whether a tsunami was caused. It is maintained by the Peruvian navy, in Spanish. Earthquake Prediction and Public Policy (1975) Washington, D.C: National Academy of Sciences. This report published by the national academy of sciences, looks at the disaster warning system in a different angle: socially and politically. The importance of a warning system is addressed, focusing on the development of systems that are specific to the characteristicspolitical, social, and economicalof the region. Emergencies & Disasters. (2005, September 19). Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/katrina.htm. This site describes the various US agencies, including the Federal Emergency Management Agency, involved in emergency response. The descriptions are given mainly in the context of Hurricane Katrina. Ewing, L., Wallendorf, L. (2002). Solutions to Coastal Disasters 02. 328-331; 378-384. The series of papers presented in this anthology deals with the causes of coastal disasters, response strategies, engineering and design to minimize the effect of the catastrophes and coastal area management. It addresses through detailed studies the possibility of having coordinated warning systems as well as response systems through out a small nation as well as around the globe. FDCH Congressional Testimony. (2005) Tsunami Warning System Expansion Dr Groat, C. The statement given by Dr Groat came as a response to the December 2004 tsunami in the Pacific Ocean. In his address he evaluates the destruction caused by the lack of an effective warning system and proposes the creation of new warning systems that could supplement efficiently and effectively with the ones already in place. Federal Communications Commission (2003). "Part II: Emergency Alert System." Publisher: Federal Communications Commission. http://www.fcc.gov/eb/eas/47part11.pdf . This is a detailed description of the United States' Emergency Alert System, and explains exactly how weather and other alerts are conveyed in the U.S. Federal Communications Commission Fact Sheet, the Emergency alert system (EAS). (2005, September 20). http://www.fcc.gov/eb/easfact.html. This site describes the way the ’s emergency Alert system sends out messages. It also mentions some reasons that this system is important and why it was established. This information will be useful as a basis for designing our own alert system. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. (1993). Peru: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. This book includes information about nearly every facet of the country of Peru. Particularly of interest are the chapters on Peru's government, economy, and national security/armed services. Federal Signal informer. (October 2005) http://www.pwservice.com/informer.htm. FSM Telecommunications Corporation (2005). The homepage of Micronesia's cell phone service provider. Retrieved Sept. 21, 2005 from World Wide Web: http://www.telecom.fm/index.htm. This site contains information about the prevalence and cost of cellular phones, cable television and internet access in Micronesia and the areas where these services are available. More information can probably be gathered by contacting the company. Gray, D. (2000, April 7) Monster Wave Alert. Current Science 85, 14,10 This article discusses the cutting edge technology of underwater monitors in aiding the tsunami warning process. The most outstanding feature of this technology is the coordination and the integrated response that it enables in the event of a tsunami. "Guide for the Selection of Communication Equipment for Emergency First Responders." (2002) . 9/21/2005. Publisher: U.S. Dept of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. This is a guide meant to help emergency aid providers choose appropriate communication equipment. The guide deals in depth with radio systems, differentiating between the many options. Hayden, T. (2005, January 24) Preventing Disaster. US News and World Report, 138, 32 Thomas Hayden analyzes the lack of a coordinated emergency warning system in the Indian ocean that led to the most devastating tsunami in recent history. The article also addresses the role of the ITSU, the United Nations body for coordinating the warning systems in the pacific. Hebenstreit, G. (2001) Tsunami Research at the End of a Critical Decade This collection of Tsunami research subjects delves into the details of the causes of the tsunami including landslide and debris as well as the velocity and the characteristics of the propagation of the wave. The efficiency of warning systems can be related to the propagation of the wave, its velocity and its behavior. Hewitt, K. (1997) Regions of Risk A Geographical Introduction to Disasters. Essex, England: Addison, Wesley, Longman Limited. An in depth analysis of events happening right after a disaster occurs is presented. The anthology goes beyond the technology of a warning system to the social and cultural aspects of a region that affect the efficiency of the warning system. Hezel, Francis X. SJ. "Micronesian Government: A view from the Outside". Micronesia Counselor #55 (April 2005). http://www.micsem.org/pubs/counselor/frames/viewoutsidefr.htm . This site, prepared by jesuit missionaries, examines the social and political structure of Micronesia. Articles on this website examine the history of social change in FSM and the different levels of organization on the islands. Hughes, D.T. & Lingenfelter, S.G. (Eds.). (1974) Political Development in Micronesia. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. This book discusses the political structure and climate of Micronesia. Specifically, large sections are dedicated to the regional and local governments on Micronesia's four main islands and the mixing of traditional government structures and modern, western government structures. ITIC Welcome to Valparaiso Retrieved September 22, 2005 from the UNESCO Website: http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/ The International Tsunami Information Centre addresses the new challenges it faces as it attempts to monitor and warn the Pacific. The ITIC has to accommodate and coordinate the emerging regional tsunami warning and mitigation systems. International Disaster Communications: Harnessing the Power of Communications to Avert Disasters and Save Lives. Ed. Fred H. Cate. Washington, D.C.: The Annenberg Washington Program in Communications Policy Studies of Northwestern University, 1994. This is a compilation of articles. dealing with emergency communication systems. One article addresses ways to build a stronger relationship between the media and disatster mitigation agencies. Another article goes through disasters step by steps and points out ways that communication is needed along the way. International Tsunami Information Center (2000). Tsunami Newsletter 1998-1999. Honolulu: ITIC. The Tsunami Newsletter is published every two years and includes reports on tsunami disasters and warning systems from all countries connected to the International Tsunami Information Center. This particular newsletter includes a report from Peru outlining improvements in its tsunami preparedness. ITSU Master Plan.[Electronic version]. Sistema Nacional de Alarma de Maremotos (SNAM). UNESCO/ICO. http://www.crid.or.cr/crid/CD_Alerta_Temprana/pdf/eng/doc14524-3e.pdf. This document gives some useful information about the existing Chilean and Nicaraguan tsunami warning systems and the ones Australia and Colombia are developing. It talks about the shortcomings of the systems that are in place and briefly about how warnings are given out to the public by the existing systems. Johnston, D., Paton, D., Crawford, G.L., Ronan, K., Houghton, B., & Burgelt, P. (2005). Measuring Tsunami Preparedness in Coastal Washington, U.S. Natural Hazards 35(1) , 173-184. The authors surveyed the residents of coastal Washington and found that the respondents were highly unprepared for a tsunami disaster although information on tsunami preparedness had been disseminated. The authors include recommendations to increase the preparedness of the population. Joyce, C. (reporting), Montagne, Renee (host).(2005, June 9). Morning Edition. Washington,D.C.: National Public Radio Inc. This article stresses the continuing risk posed by tsunamis and the importance of creating a warning system in the Indian Ocean. It mentioned the US ’s involvement in an effort to put submerged buoys throughout the Indian Ocean and create faster e-mail and phone links between western scientists and countries at risk. Kusky<, T.(2005, March). Are we ready for Tsunamis? Planning. 71, 3, pp. 28-29. As the title suggests, this article explores the question of whether the US is prepared for a tsunami. It describes the warning system on Hawaii ’s beaches and talks about measures the US and other countries have taken to be able to detect and react to tsunamis. The description of Hawaii’s warning system may be particularly useful. Lander, J.F., Whiteside, L.S. & Lockridge, P.A. (2002). "Two Decades of Global Tsunamis: 1982 - 2002." Science of Tsunami Hazards 21, 1, 3. This article contains data on every tsunami recorded in the world between 1982 and 2002, including run-up heights in the areas hit worst, magnitude of causal earthquake, and damage caused. There were a few tsunamis caused by underwater landslides or other non-earthquake events, and one tsunami with no known cause. Lemon, D.M. (2004). A Methodology for the Identification of Critical Locations in Infrastructures. Cambridge: DSpace at MIT. This is a Master's thesis outlining how critical and/or weak points in any infrastructure can be identified and protected in case of an emergency. Long, J. T. (2005, January 31). Storm brewing over Tsunami Warning System Proposals.ENR. 254, 4, p. 12. This article states that the largest problem in designing a better tsunami warning system at this point is not putting in new sensors for monitoring, but, rather, communication. This, according to the author, is “the weakest link.” The author establishes the importance of concentrating on the communication aspect of a warning system which. Macan-Markar, M. (2005, April 7). Tsunami Impact: Thailand's developing disaster warning system. Global Information Network. This article describes the new early warning system that was set up on Patong Beach in Thailand after the December 26 tsunami that killed many people there. The system comprises loudspeakers that broadcast news reports daily and automated towers with sirens which are a part of Thailand’s National Disaster Warning Centre (NDWC). Similar systems will soon be put up on other beaches. This site differs from the others in that it concentrates on describing the actual set up of the warning device. Macan-Markar, M. (2005, March 29). Tsunami Impact: Communities can play a vital role in disasters.Global Information Network. p. 1. This article states that community involvement, in addition to high-tech monitoring and detection systems and a communication network to transmit alarms about impending tsunamis, is essential to an effective tsunami warning system. It gives an example of how civilians, police, and military in southern Thailand were able to evacuate the residents of a vulnerable area in the middle of the night in an orderly manner and within 30 minutes by simply knocking on doors. It then cites a similar example of how the combined efforts of religious leaders, village leaders, and police successfully evacuated a village in Sri Lanka. This article gives a clear idea of how warning and evacuation could take place in a place with little communication infrastructure. MacQueen, K (2005, July 1) A quake reveals the sad story of the West Coast Warning System. Macleans 118, 27, 20. This article focuses mainly on the warning systems on the west coast of the United States and Canada. The article claims that despite the presence of warning systems instituted along the coast, they can only be efficient enough if they are well coordinated and integrated to allow for the smooth progression of the warning from one region to the next. Martinez, A., Villarroel, V., Seoane, J., del Pozo, F. (2005). Analysis of Information and Communication Needs in Rural Primary Health Care in Developing Countries. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 9(1), 66-73. This article summarizes several studies involving the communication needs of rural health care facilities in Peru and Nicaragua. Overall, the authors found that the available communications infrastructure is neither adequate nor efficient, and present several recommendations for alternative communcation technology for developing countries. McInnes, R., Jakeways, J. (2002) Instability: Planning and Management This book addresses the planning and management aspects of natural disasters focused around the ground instability problems on the Isle of Wight. It also factors in research on unstable coastal areas as well while emphasizing the importance of coordinated warning systems that complement the research and monitoring. Micronesia, Federated States of. (2005, October 20) The World Fact Book. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/fm.html. Mileti, Dennis S., and John H. Sorensen. Communication of Emergency Public Warnings: A Social Science Perspective and State-of-the Art Assessment., August 1990. http://emc.ornl.gov/EMCWeb/EMC/PDF/CommunicationFinal.pdf. 9/20/2005. Prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C. Prepared by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak ridge, Tennessee 37831-6285 This report outlines warning procedures for all types of emergencies. It includes a discussion of the current warning systems used in the US, the structure of a good warning system, and guidelines for building new warning systems. Mumm, A. J. (2001, May). Sounding the alarm on tornado sirens. Geospatial Solutions. 11, 5, p. 22. This article gives a detailed description and map of Polk County, Iowa’s tornado warning system which consists of a network of sirens. It explains how the Emergency Management Agency is attempting to maximize the sirens’ coverage area with minimal overlap. Similar systems are often used for tsunami warning. National Emergency Response Plan. (2004, December).[Electronic version]. US Department of Homeland Security. This document details the workings of the US’s plan for responding to and preparing for emergencies, including natural disasters. It gives in-depth information on how local agencies involved in emergency response should interact with Federal agencies. National Weather Service (1987) Disaster Preparedness Report. 21-30. The report compiled by the national weather service records the disaster warning systems in placed around the United States. It addresses disaster preparedness based on the efficiency of alert and communication systems throughout the United States. Neto, I. (2004). Wireless Networks for the Developing World: The Regulation and Use of License-Exempt Radio Bands in Africa. Cambridge: DSpace at MIT. This thesis discusses the concept of license-exempt radio bands (ie frequencies reserved for low-cost telecommunications and not sold to broadcasting companies). Although it focuses on Africa, the idea could easily be transferred to Peru or Micronesia where the license-exempt radio band might be reserved for emergency communications. Nott, H. (2005, August 5). Tsunami Warnings a reality for Indian Ocean countries in 1 yr.AAP General News Wire. This article briefly describes the progress being made by UNESCO in the design of a tsunami detection/warning system being created in the Indian Ocean. It noted that the sensors that will be used in the detection system can relay information to the warning centers almost instantaneously. Also progress is being made on models that will help this system distinguish between an earthquake that has caused a Tsunami and one that has not. Nott, H. (2005, August 3).Tsunami warning must be backed by good response – experts.AAP General News Wire. Executive Secretary of UNESCO’s ICO stresses the importance of not only having a good detection system, but also a good plan for communicating to and evacuating populations, as well as alerting authorities and coordinating the logistics of moving people. Nufer, H.F. (1978). Micronesia under American Rule: an evaluation of the strategic trusteeship (1947-77). Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press. From 1947 to 1986, Micronesia was controlled by the U.S. under a so-called Strategic Trusteeship. Nufer examines the effectiveness of this relationship in promoting the economy, welfare, political development and modernization of Micronesia. The Strategic Trusteeship was ended in 1986 in favor of a Compact of Free Association, under which the U.S. still provides defence and economic assistance. Oliver, D.O. (1971). Planning Micronesia's Future. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. This is a summary of an economic report on Micronesia prepared by the U.S. Commercial Company. It describes in great detail the workings of the Micronesian economy and makes recommendations for its improvement. Included with the recommendations are discussions of the difficulties involved in meeting those goals and what attempts have been made in the past. One News Call to Extend Tsunami Warning System Retrieved September 22, 2005 from the One News Website: http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411365/610803 The news website details the plan to extend the warning systems already in place, in New Zealand. Adding more warning systems will add to the efficiency of the tsunami response, the reports says, as all the warning systems will be coordinated and respond in unison to an alert from the agencies monitoring the Pacific. Orlove, B.S. (1977). Alpacas, Sheep, and Men: The Wool Export Economy and Regional Society in Southern Peru. New York: Academic Press, Inc. Alpacas, Sheep and Men is an in depth, anthropological analysis of the indigenous Peruvian economy and society. It provides a very clear picture of what technologies and customs are present in rural areas of Peru. Ortega, C. & Romero, C. (1977). Communication Policies in Peru: A Study. Paris: Unesco. This is a scientific study on the Peruvian communications infrastructure. It includes information on mass communication, the reliability/durability of the systems in place at the time (1977), the quality of the broadcast services available and recommendations for improvements to the infrastructure. Outdoor Warning Systems Guide. Vol. FEMA CPG 1-17. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1980. 9/19/2005. This report outlines the major outdoor alert mechanisms. These include sirens, loudspeakers, horns and whistles. The report rates warning methods by the sound levels produced. It also includes specific advice for setting up an outdoor warning system that utilizes sound. Pacific Islands Trading and Investment Commission. (2002).Information for companies interested in doing business in/with Pacific Islands. Retrieved Sept. 22, 2005 from World Wide Web: http://www.sptc.gov.au/home.htm This website contains geographic information as well as a look into the business environment of Micronesia. Papadopoulos, G.A. & Imamura, F. (2001). A proposal for a new tsunami intensity scale. International Tsunami Symposium Proceedings , Seattle, WA 7 - 10 August 2001. This site outlines a scale for measuring the intensity of a tsunami. The scale is for the most part qualitative and corresponds to the Mercalli scale for earthquake intensity. Perkins, S. (2005, January 22) United States to deploy 32 more buoys for sensing tsunamis. Science News, 167, 54 This magazine article outlines the US response to the tsunami that struck the Indian Ocean in 2004. It addresses the importance of a warning system in the pacific coast and more importantly the integration of such early warnings to facilitate a more complete, coordinated response. Perry, W. Ronald. "Incentives for Evacuation in Natural Disaster." American Planning Association.Journal of the American Planning Association 45.4 (1979): 440. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1908193&Fmt=7&clientId=65345&RQT=309&VName=PQD. Perry suggests incentives that will encourage a population to evacuate an area. These include providing safe destinations, plausible routes, and advance information of the above mentioned. Perry also discusses the need for warning confirmation centers so that citizens can verify a warning for themselves. Peru: A Telecoms Market Access Study (2002). A profile of the Peruvian telecom market. Retrieved Sept. 23 from World Wide Web: http://mkaccdb.eu.int/study/studies/26.doc. This report was financed by the European Commission and explains every side of the telecommunication market in Peru, including phone service, radio, broadcasting, and internet service. The availability, price and quality of these services is rated and compared. Platform for the Promotion of Early Warning. (2005). "Tsunami Warning Systems." Publisher: United Nations/International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. http://www.unisdr.org/ppew/tsunami/back-information/backinfor-tsunami-ws.htm . This site details warning systems that exist in various parts of the world including Japan, Hawaii and the U.S. Quad cities. (2005, October) National Weather Service Forecast Office. http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dvn/wxradio/nwrrcvr.htm Ramirez, F. Jorge, and P. Carlos Perez. "The Local Tsunami Alert System ('SLAT'): A Computational Tool for the Integral Management of a Tsunami Emergency " Natural Hazards Volume 31, Number 1 (January 2004): pp 129 - 142. This article describes the "Local Tsunami Alert System" (SLAT). SLAT uses information about earthquakes to predict the magnitude, direction, speed and point of contact of the tsunamis that may be produced. It then takes or recommends actions based on the predictions. SLAT was designed for the pacific coast of South America and is prepared in Spanish. Richards, P. (2005, January 24). Tsunami Impact:Caribbean Nations to Expand Warning Systems.Global Information Network. p.1. This article talks about what parts of a tsunami early warning system in the are needed as well as describing what is already in place. It mentions the importance of making sure the public knows how to respond to warnings. Rikitake, T. Earthquake Forecasting and Warning (1982) Tokyo, Japan: Center for Academic Publications. This volume looks at the historic warning measures that were taken at the time of actual earthquakes and analyzes the flaws in such warning measures. Furthermore, it outlines a step by step procedure for increasing the efficiency and accountability of a warning system. Sandlake Recreation Area. (2005, August 2) Siuslaw National Forest. http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/siuslaw/recreation/tripplanning/sandlake/index.shtm Sheble, N. (2005, February). Tsunami sensing refined. In Tech. 52, 2, pp. 55-56. This article describes the failure of officials to warn people of a possible tsunami after the December 26^th, 2004 earthquake was detected. An emphasis is put on new sensor technology that is being developed to allow warnings to be given out more quickly. State new release. (2004, December 29). Washington State Emergency Management Division. http://access.wa.gov/news/2004/Dec/n20041129_7907.aspx. This article describes the tsunami warning and evacuation system for the US west coast, concentrating on the role of AHAB (All-Hazard Alert Broadcasting system). This system has flashing lights, self-sufficient power, a high-volume siren, and lets authorities broadcast public address announcements. It can give warning to relatively remote, outdoor locations where other modes of warning (like television and radio) may not be available. This is particularly detailed information about the warning device itself, unlike most other sources listed here. A Seismic Early Warning System. Annenberg/CPB Resources – Earth Revealed -25, Living With Earth, Part I. USGS CMG. This brief article describes an early warning system that has potential to give a little bit of warning to coastal areas even if they are very close to the source of the tsunami. It may only give 10 – 20 extra seconds, but that is, at least enough to stop transportation into the area and warn people to take cover. This kind of information will help define the conditions under which a warning system should operate. Starn, O., Degregori, C.I., & Kirk, R. (Eds). (1995). The Peru Reader.Durham: Duke University Press. The Peru Reader is a series of short stories and first-person accounts of life in Peru. Although much of the book deals with colonial Peru, there are a number of pieces concerning modern Peruvian life. Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, American Society of Engineers. (2002). Atico, Peru M_W 8.4 Earthquake of June 23, 2001. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. This is a report detailing the damage caused by the earthquake mentioned in the title. It covers many aspects of the Peruvian infrastructure, including communications systems. The Technical Council also included their recommendations for improvements to these systems to prevent damage in another such disaster. Tierney, K. J. Implementing a seismic computerized alert network (SCAN) for Southern California: Lessons and guidance from the literature on warning response and warning systems. (2000) University of Delaware Disaster Research Center. http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/19716/1155/1/FPR45.pdf. Tsunami Education a priority in Hawaii and West Coast States. (2001, June). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 82, 6, pp 1207-1208. This article is about how the issue of tsunami preparedness is being dealt with in the US. It talks about the US’s two tsunami warning centers and their partnership with state emergency managers, the US Geological Survey, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. It tells of how Scientists have created inundation models and evacuation plans for the US’s west coast, Alaska, and Hawaii and stresses the importance of tsunami education due to the possibility of a deadly wave coming before warnings can be sent out. Tsunami Inundation Preparedness in Coastal Communities " U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program Review and International Tsunami Symposium. ITS 2001 Proceedings, NTHMP Review Session, Paper R-18. Seattle, Washington, 7-10 August 2001. 9/20/2005. This article discusses NOAA radio being the primary emergency warning system in the United States. It also emphasizes other warning systems including signs and public service announcements. The Tsunami Warning System An International effort to save lives and protect property Retrieved September 22, 2005 from University of Washington Website: www. http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/warning/reference.html This website details the organization and the proceedings of the Tsunami Warning System, an International Organization in charge of tsunami monitoring in the pacific. The coordination and integration of the efforts of the nations involved is emphasized, further suggesting an a more expansive interconnected warning network throughout the pacific. Tsunami Warning Systems and Procedures: Guidance for Local Officials. (2001) Oregon Emergency Management and the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. pp 15 - 25. http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/pdf/or_sp35.pdf Work together for tsunami warning. (2005, February).Intermedia. 33, 1, p 5. This brief article presents an argument for collaboration on natural disaster warning systems. It claims that collaboration ensures efficient use of funds and effectiveness. It also lists possible means of spreading warning, including internet, television, and radio messages, sirens, and highway signs. In short, it provides useful information and interesting points to consider. Wu, Y. & Kanamori, H. (2005). Experiment on an Onsite Early Warning Method for the Taiwan Early Warning System. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95(1) , 347-353. This article details a new warning system in place in Taiwan that not only alerts the populace in case of a tsunami, but also analyses detected earthquakes to determine if they will produce tsunamis. Yalciner, A., Pelinovsky E., Okal, E., Synolakis, E. (2003) Submarine Landslides and Tsunamis The editors have compiled wide ranging research done on the various aspects of tsunamis including historical tsunamis, tsunami generation, tsunami propagation, and mitigation. By analyzing the numerical models of tsunami propagation, a scientific basis can be laid to the efficient functioning of a warning system.

Team Resources: Annotated Bibliography