4. In Perception and Misperception in International Politics (chapter 3) Robert Jervis notes that sometimes unyielding policies cause war by provoking a conflict-spiral, while sometimes concessions cause war by encouraging aggressors to make more demands, and to falsely expect that others will grant these demands.

a. Which problem occurs more often in international history? Comment on the cases covered in this course.

b. What Policy prescriptions follow from your answer? How could past policy makers have avoided the spirals or deterrence failures that you discuss?

5. Are most wars intentional or inadvertent? Some scholars dismiss the importance of inadvertent war in history, while others argue that many wars are inadvertent. Please state your own view on the matter, using the wars covered in this course as cases.

Finally, state any policy prescriptions that follow from your analysis.

For purposes of your answer, assume that a war was "inadvertent" if the decisions or policies that produced the war were adopted by governments or societies that did not expect or desire that these policies would produce war.

6. What has been the single most potent and preventable cause of war in the 20th century? Explain why your war-cause is both potent and preventable; also identify the second and third most potent and preventable war-causes, and explain why they are less potent and/or less preventable than the prime cause you identify.