(1)Vowel Verbals: $B$k(B $B"*(B $B$F(B(Gerund)/$B$?(B(Perfective)
$B?)$Y$k(B $B"*(B $B?)$Y$F(B/$B?)$Y$?(B
$B8+$k(B $B"*(B
$B$G$-$k(B $B"*(B
$B$H$a$k(B $B"*(B
(2)Consonant Verbals: $B$&(B,$B$D(B,$B$k(B endings $B"*(B $B$C$F(B/$B$C$?(B
$B$`(B,$B$V(B,$B$L(B endings $B"*(B $B$s$G(B/$B$s$@(B
$B$9(B ending $B"*(B $B$7$F(B/$B$7$?(B
$B$/(B,$B$0(B endings $B"*(B $B$$$F(B,$B$$$G(B/$B$$$?(B,$B$$$@(B
$BGc$&(B $B"*(B $BGc$C$F(B/$BGc$C$?(B $B$N$`(B $B"*(B
$B$D$+$&(B $B"*(B $B$h$V(B $B"*(B
$B$^$D(B $B"*(B $B$7$L(B(die) $B"*(B
$B$+$($k(B $B"*(B $B$O$J$9(B(talk)$B"*(B
$BJ,$+$k(B $B"*(B $B=q$/(B $B"*(B
$B$$$k(B(need)$B"*(B $B$"$k$/(B $B"*(B
$B:n$k(B $B"*(B $B$*$h$0(B(swim)$B"*(B
*exception: $B9T$/(B $B"*(B $B9T$C$F(B/$B9T$C$?(B
(3)Irregular Verbs
$BMh$k(B(kuru) $B"*(B $BMh$F(B(kite)/$BMh$?(B(kita) $B$9$k(B $B"*(B $B$7$F(B/$B$7$?(B
Usages of Direct Forms
1.Sentence-final predicates in casual speech or in formal writing.
2.Before clause-particles such as $B$1$I(B and $B$,(B.
3.Before $B$G$7$g$&(B and $B$s$G$9(B.
Note: Direct Perfective Form of copula $B$G$9(B is $B$@$C$?(B.
Examples
1.A:$B$-$g$&$H$O!"$I$&$@$C$?!)(B
B:$B$H$F$b$-$l$$$@$C$?$h!#(B/$B$-$l$$$@$C$?$o$h!#(B
2.$B$+$$$.$O7nMKF|$@$C$?$1$I!"9T$C$?!)(B
Connection Rules:
V. ($B?)$Y$k(B/$B?)$Y$?(B/$B?)$Y$J$$(B/$B?)$Y$J$+$C$?(B) $B$s$G$9(B
$B$$(B-Adj. ($BBg$-$$(B/$BBg$-$+$C$?(B/$BBg$-$/$J$$(B/$BBg$-$/$J$+$C$?(B) $B$s$G$9(B
$B$J(B-Adj. ($B$Y$s$j$J(B/$B$Y$s$j$@$C$?(B/$B$Y$s$j$8$c$J$$(B/$B$Y$s$j$8$c$J$+$C$?(B) $B$s$G$9(B
N. ($BF|K\?M$J(B/$BF|K\?M$@$C$?(B/$BF|K\?M$8$c$J$$(B/$BF|K\?M$8$c$J$+$C$?(B) $B$s$G$9(B
Examples
1.A:$B$5$H$&$5$s$O!":#F|$b$*5Y$_$G$9$M!#(B
B:$B$S$g$&$-$J$s$G$9$h!#(B/$B$S$g$&$-$J$s$G$7$g$&!#(B
2.$B$*$=$/$J$C$F!"$9$_$^$;$s!#$8$3$,$"$C$?$s$G$9!#(B
3.$B%U%i%s%98l$,$*>e
Exercises - Translate the following into Japanese.
- A: $B$h$/?)$Y$^$9$M$(!#(B
B: (It's really good, I tell you.)
- A: $B$-$N$&$O$8$e$.$g$&$KMh$^$;$s$G$7$?$M!#(B
B: (I'm sorry. I was a little sick.)
- A: $B$-$N$&$O$&$A$K$$$^$;$s$G$7$?$M!#(B
B: (I was in the library.)
- A: $B9uED$5$s$O$$$i$C$7$c$$$^$;$s$M!#(B
B: (It is probably that he has matter to attend.)
- $B1Q8l$G$$$$$G$9$+!#(B(It is that my Japanese is poor.)
- $B$-$l$$$J$H$1$$$G$9$M$(!#(B(Where did you buy it?)
III$B!%(BB$B!'!!(BDirect-Style $B$s$@(B
Examples:
1. $B9T$/$s$G$9!#(B $B"*(B (Male)$B9T$/$s$@!#(B(Female)$B9T$/$N!#(B
2. $B:#!"$+$($k$s$G$9$+!#"*(B $B:#!"$+$($k$N!)(B(M/F-gentle)
3. A: $B$*$H$H$$$N%Q!<%F%#!
Exercises - Change the following into Direct-Style.
- A: $B2?$rGc$C$?$s$G$9$+!#(B
B: $B$+$s$8$N$8$7$g$rGc$C$?$s$G$9!#(B
- A: $B$=$l!"$^$:$$$s$G$9$+!#(B
B: $B$($(!"$H$C$F$b$^$:$$$s$G$9!#(B
- A: $B$=$N%o!<%W%m!"$@$a$J$s$G$9$+!#(B
B: $B$($(!"$<$s$<$s$@$a$J$s$G$9$h!#(B
- A: $B?7$7$$
B: $B$($(!"?7$7$$$N$J$s$G$9!#(B
IV$B!%(BNominal/$B$J(B-Adj$B!%$K$J$k(B [Change of state]
Examples
1.$B:#=5$+$i$8$e$.$g$&$O2PLZ$K$J$j$^$7$?!#(B
Starting this week, the class will meet Tues-Thurs.
2.$BA0$OF|K\8l$,2<e
Exercises - Translate the following into Japanese.
- Computers have become (more) convenient.
- This computer has become no good.
- I want to become good at Japanese.
- I wanted to become a teacher.
Miscellaneous$B!!(BNotes
$B#N#o#m#i#n#a#l!\$9$k!!#V#e#r#b#s(B
Compare: a.$B#M#I#T$GF|K\8l$r$Y$s$-$g$&$7$^$7$?!#(B
b.$B#M#I#T$GF|K\8l$N$Y$s$-$g$&$r$7$^$7$?!#(B
Some nominals, including English-derived nominals, can form N$B$9$k(B compounds.
$B$Y$s$-$g$&(B($B$r(B)$B$9$k(B $BEEOC(B($B$r(B)$B$9$k(B $B$7$4$H(B($B$r(B)$B$9$k(B
$B%7%g%C%T%s%0(B($B$r(B)$B$9$k(B(do shopping)
$B%8%g%.%s%0(B($B$r(B)$B$9$k(B(do jogging)
$B%4%k%U(B($B$r(B)$B$9$k(B(play golf)
$B%Q!<%F%#!<(B($B$r(B)$B$9$k(B(throw a party)
$B%T%/%K%C%/(B($B$r(B)$B$9$k(B(do a picnic)
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