Framework for Action

The Action Cycle

Action Cycle
Adapted from:
Toward Environmental Strategies for Cities: Policy Considerations for Urban Environmental Management in Developing Countries. Bartone, Carl, Bernstein, Janis, Leitmann, Joset and Jochen Eigen. 1994. Urban Management Program, The World Bank. Pp 39-40.

Entry Points for Action

HUMAN ACTIVITIES IMPACTS/CAUSES STRATEGIES
RAPID URBAN GROWTH

• Rapid uncontrolled growth of urban areas, particularly low income.

INSUFFICIENT LAND AND HOUSING SUPPLY

• Insufficient serviced land and shelter.
• Poorly functioning urban land and housing market
• Over-regulated prices
• Lack of affordable housing for poor.

PROPERTY RIGHTS/MORTGAGES/ REGULATIONS

Reform property rights
• Develop mortgage financing
• Introduce affordable standards and target subsidies to the poor
• Reduce unneeded regulations, government interventions and subsidies.

RAPID DEMAND FOR SERVICES

• Rapid increase of demand for services: water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid waste collection, and transport; both in quantity and quality

INABILITY TO PROVIDE BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES

• Domination of supply by government monopoly
• Prices heavily regulated
• Heavy subsidies

DEMAND MANAGEMENT/SUBSIDY REFORM/DECENTRALIZATION

• Introduce pricing and demand management
• Reduce subsidies
• Move toward decentralization, privatization, participation

UNCONTROLLED INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT POLLUTED WATER AND ENVIRONMENT

• Uncontrolled municipal and industrial discharges
• Excessive water use and waste generation
• Failure to link water quantity and quality issues

CHARGES/SUBSIDIES/
PLANNING

• Introduce water pricing and effluent charges
• Subsidize sewage treatment
Strengthen regulations and capacity for monitoring and enforcement
• Prepare comprehensive basic plans

INCREASED TRANSPORTATION AND ENERGY USE AIR POLLUTION

• Increased motorization and transport congestion
• Polluted ambient and indoor air
• Energy supply side dominated by government monopoly
• Heavy energy subsidies
• Household and cottage industry use of low-quality fuels

PRICING STRATEGIES/
PLANNING/SUBSTITUTIONS

• Introduce energy and fuel pricing, road charges, emissions charges
• Reduce automobile subsidies, fuel subsidies
• Integrate transport and land use planning
• Promote clean technologies, fuel substitution, vehicle maintenance

INCREASE OF SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE POLLUTION OF LAND AND AIR

• Poor municipal management
• Lack of disposal facilities
• Inadequate regulation and enforcement

REGULATIONS/REDUCTION/
MANAGEMENT/PRIVATIZATION

• Introduce regulations, licensing and charges
• Simulate waste minimization
• Strengthen municipal management operations
• Privatize disposal operations

OVERUSE OF WATER GROUND WATER DEPLETION

• Unsustainable extraction linked to unclear property rights and treatment as free resource

PROPERTY RIGHTS/CHARGES

Clarify property rights
• Introduce extraction charges

SQUATTER DEVELOPMENT ON FRINGES OF URBAN AREAS LAND AND ECOSYSTEM DEGRADATION

• Low income settlements “pushed” onto fragile lands by lack of access to affordable serviced lands
• Lack of controls over damaging economic activities

COORDINATE/REMOVE SHORTAGES/MONITOR AND ENFORCE

• Coordinate land development
• Remove artificial shortages of land
• Develop sustainable uses of sensitive areas
• Monitor and enforce land use controls

ENCROACHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORIC AREAS Loss of cultural and historic property

• Lack of property rights, regulations, enforcement, maintenance
• Failure to reflect social values in land prices

INCENTIVES/REGULATIONS/
PROPERTY RIGHTS

• Introduce tax incentives for preservation
• Use redevelopment planning, zoning, and building codes
Develop property rights

LACK OF CONSIDERATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS IN DEVELOPMENT

Natural and man-made hazards

HIGH-RISK AREAS WITH SEVERE AFFECTS FROM DISASTERS

• Poorly functioning land markets
• Ineffective land policies
• Poor construction practices
•Inadequate regulation and enforcement
• Low-income settlements alongside hazardous activities

ENABLEMENT/DISINCENTIVES/
ENFORCEMENT/PREPAREDNESS

• Enable land markets
• Provide disincentives to occupation of high-risk areas, incentives for using disaster-resistant construction techniques
• Introduce and enforced environmental zoning
• Formulate urban disaster preparedness plans and strengthen response capacity

Strategic POLICIES
(click on a policy)

• Property rights/mortgages/regulations
• Demand management/subsidy reform/decentralization
• Charges/subsidies/
planning
• Pricing strategies/planning/
substitutions
• Regulations/reduction/
management/privatization
• Coordination/remove shortages/
monitor and enforce
• Incentives/regulations/property rights
• Enablement/disincentives/
enforcement/preparedness

IMPACTS/CAUSES
(click on a impact/cause)

• Insufficient land and housing supply
• Inability to provide basic environmental infrastructure and services
• Polluted water and environment
• Air pollution
• Pollution of land and air
• Ground water depletion
• Land and ecosystem degradation
• Loss of cultural and historic property
• High-risk areas with severe affects from disasters

Human Activities
(click on a activity)

Rapid urban growth
Rapid demand for services
• Uncontrolled industrial effluent
• Increased transportation and energy use
• Increase of solid and hazardous waste
• Overuse of water
• Squatter development on fringe urban areas
• Encroachment and development of historic areas
• Lack of consideration for environmental hazardous in development