Struct std::boxed::Box1.0.0 [] [src]

#[lang = "owned_box"]
pub struct Box<T>(_)
where
    T: ?Sized
;

A pointer type for heap allocation.

See the module-level documentation for more.

Methods

impl<T> Box<T>
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Allocates memory on the heap and then places x into it.

This doesn't actually allocate if T is zero-sized.

Examples

let five = Box::new(5);Run

impl<T> Box<T> where
    T: ?Sized
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Important traits for Box<I>
1.4.0
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Constructs a box from a raw pointer.

After calling this function, the raw pointer is owned by the resulting Box. Specifically, the Box destructor will call the destructor of T and free the allocated memory. Since the way Box allocates and releases memory is unspecified, the only valid pointer to pass to this function is the one taken from another Box via the Box::into_raw function.

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the function is called twice on the same raw pointer.

Examples

let x = Box::new(5);
let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr) };Run

1.4.0
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Consumes the Box, returning the wrapped raw pointer.

After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the memory previously managed by the Box. In particular, the caller should properly destroy T and release the memory. The proper way to do so is to convert the raw pointer back into a Box with the Box::from_raw function.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::into_raw(b) instead of b.into_raw(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

Examples

let x = Box::new(5);
let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);Run

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_into_raw_non_null #47336)

Consumes the Box, returning the wrapped pointer as NonNull<T>.

After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the memory previously managed by the Box. In particular, the caller should properly destroy T and release the memory. The proper way to do so is to convert the NonNull<T> pointer into a raw pointer and back into a Box with the Box::from_raw function.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::into_raw_non_null(b) instead of b.into_raw_non_null(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

Examples

#![feature(box_into_raw_non_null)]

fn main() {
    let x = Box::new(5);
    let ptr = Box::into_raw_non_null(x);
}Run

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (ptr_internals)

use into_raw_non_null instead

Important traits for &'a mut I
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (box_leak #46179)

needs an FCP to stabilize

Consumes and leaks the Box, returning a mutable reference, &'a mut T. Here, the lifetime 'a may be chosen to be 'static.

This function is mainly useful for data that lives for the remainder of the program's life. Dropping the returned reference will cause a memory leak. If this is not acceptable, the reference should first be wrapped with the Box::from_raw function producing a Box. This Box can then be dropped which will properly destroy T and release the allocated memory.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Box::leak(b) instead of b.leak(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

Examples

Simple usage:

#![feature(box_leak)]

fn main() {
    let x = Box::new(41);
    let static_ref: &'static mut usize = Box::leak(x);
    *static_ref += 1;
    assert_eq!(*static_ref, 42);
}Run

Unsized data:

#![feature(box_leak)]

fn main() {
    let x = vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice();
    let static_ref = Box::leak(x);
    static_ref[0] = 4;
    assert_eq!(*static_ref, [4, 2, 3]);
}Run

impl Box<Any + 'static>
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Attempt to downcast the box to a concrete type.

Examples

use std::any::Any;

fn print_if_string(value: Box<Any>) {
    if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
        println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
    }
}

fn main() {
    let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
    print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
    print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));
}Run

impl Box<Any + 'static + Send>
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Attempt to downcast the box to a concrete type.

Examples

use std::any::Any;

fn print_if_string(value: Box<Any + Send>) {
    if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
        println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
    }
}

fn main() {
    let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
    print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
    print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));
}Run

Trait Implementations

impl<T, U> CoerceUnsized<Box<U>> for Box<T> where
    T: Unsize<U> + ?Sized,
    U: ?Sized
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impl<I> DoubleEndedIterator for Box<I> where
    I: DoubleEndedIterator + ?Sized
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Removes and returns an element from the end of the iterator. Read more

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iterator_try_fold #45594)

This is the reverse version of [try_fold()]: it takes elements starting from the back of the iterator. Read more

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_rfold #44705)

An iterator method that reduces the iterator's elements to a single, final value, starting from the back. Read more

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iter_rfind #39480)

Searches for an element of an iterator from the right that satisfies a predicate. Read more

impl<'a, T> From<&'a [T]> for Box<[T]> where
    T: Copy
1.17.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Box<str>
1.17.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for Rc<T> where
    T: ?Sized
1.21.0
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Performs the conversion.

impl From<Box<str>> for Box<[u8]>
1.19.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl From<String> for Box<str>
1.20.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl From<Box<str>> for String
1.18.0
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Performs the conversion.

impl<T> From<Box<[T]>> for Vec<T>
1.18.0
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Important traits for Vec<u8>
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Performs the conversion.

impl<T> From<T> for Box<T>
1.6.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for Box<[T]>
1.20.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for Arc<T> where
    T: ?Sized
1.21.0
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Performs the conversion.

impl<T> Borrow<T> for Box<T> where
    T: ?Sized
1.1.0
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Important traits for &'a mut I
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Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more

impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for Box<T> where
    T: ?Sized
1.1.0
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Important traits for &'a mut I
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Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more

impl<T> Ord for Box<T> where
    T: Ord + ?Sized
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This method returns an Ordering between self and other. Read more

1.21.0
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Compares and returns the maximum of two values. Read more

1.21.0
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Compares and returns the minimum of two values. Read more

impl<T> Clone for Box<T> where
    T: Clone
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Returns a new box with a clone() of this box's contents.

Examples

let x = Box::new(5);
let y = x.clone();Run

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Copies source's contents into self without creating a new allocation.

Examples

let x = Box::new(5);
let mut y = Box::new(10);

y.clone_from(&x);

assert_eq!(*y, 5);Run

impl<T> Clone for Box<[T]> where
    T: Clone
1.3.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Returns a copy of the value. Read more

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Performs copy-assignment from source. Read more

impl Clone for Box<str>
1.3.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Returns a copy of the value. Read more

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Performs copy-assignment from source. Read more

impl<T> DerefMut for Box<T> where
    T: ?Sized
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Important traits for &'a mut I
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Mutably dereferences the value.

impl<'a, A, R> FnOnce<A> for Box<FnBox<A, Output = R> + 'a>
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The returned type after the call operator is used.

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (fn_traits #29625)

Performs the call operation.

impl<'a, A, R> FnOnce<A> for Box<FnBox<A, Output = R> + 'a + Send>
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The returned type after the call operator is used.

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (fn_traits #29625)

Performs the call operation.

impl<T> Hash for Box<T> where
    T: Hash + ?Sized
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Feeds this value into the given [Hasher]. Read more

1.3.0
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Feeds a slice of this type into the given [Hasher]. Read more

impl<T> AsMut<T> for Box<T> where
    T: ?Sized
1.5.0
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Important traits for &'a mut I
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Performs the conversion.

impl<T> PartialEq<Box<T>> for Box<T> where
    T: PartialEq<T> + ?Sized
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This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

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This method tests for !=.

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized
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The type of the elements being iterated over.

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Advances the iterator and returns the next value. Read more

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Returns the bounds on the remaining length of the iterator. Read more

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Returns the nth element of the iterator. Read more

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Consumes the iterator, counting the number of iterations and returning it. Read more

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Consumes the iterator, returning the last element. Read more

Important traits for StepBy<I>
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iterator_step_by #27741)

unstable replacement of Range::step_by

Creates an iterator starting at the same point, but stepping by the given amount at each iteration. Read more

Important traits for Chain<A, B>
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Takes two iterators and creates a new iterator over both in sequence. Read more

Important traits for Zip<A, B>
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'Zips up' two iterators into a single iterator of pairs. Read more

Important traits for Map<I, F>
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Takes a closure and creates an iterator which calls that closure on each element. Read more

1.21.0
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Calls a closure on each element of an iterator. Read more

Important traits for Filter<I, P>
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Creates an iterator which uses a closure to determine if an element should be yielded. Read more

Important traits for FilterMap<I, F>
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Creates an iterator that both filters and maps. Read more

Important traits for Enumerate<I>
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Creates an iterator which gives the current iteration count as well as the next value. Read more

Important traits for Peekable<I>
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Creates an iterator which can use peek to look at the next element of the iterator without consuming it. Read more

Important traits for SkipWhile<I, P>
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Creates an iterator that [skip]s elements based on a predicate. Read more

Important traits for TakeWhile<I, P>
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Creates an iterator that yields elements based on a predicate. Read more

Important traits for Skip<I>
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Creates an iterator that skips the first n elements. Read more

Important traits for Take<I>
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Creates an iterator that yields its first n elements. Read more

Important traits for Scan<I, St, F>
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An iterator adaptor similar to [fold] that holds internal state and produces a new iterator. Read more

Important traits for FlatMap<I, U, F>
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Creates an iterator that works like map, but flattens nested structure. Read more

Important traits for Fuse<I>
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Creates an iterator which ends after the first [None]. Read more

Important traits for Inspect<I, F>
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Do something with each element of an iterator, passing the value on. Read more

Important traits for &'a mut I
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Borrows an iterator, rather than consuming it. Read more

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Transforms an iterator into a collection. Read more

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Consumes an iterator, creating two collections from it. Read more

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (iterator_try_fold #45594)

An iterator method that applies a function as long as it returns successfully, producing a single, final value. Read more

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An iterator method that applies a function, producing a single, final value. Read more

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Tests if every element of the iterator matches a predicate. Read more

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Tests if any element of the iterator matches a predicate. Read more

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Searches for an element of an iterator that satisfies a predicate. Read more

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Searches for an element in an iterator, returning its index. Read more

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Searches for an element in an iterator from the right, returning its index. Read more

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Returns the maximum element of an iterator. Read more

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Returns the minimum element of an iterator. Read more

1.6.0
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Returns the element that gives the maximum value from the specified function. Read more

1.15.0
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Returns the element that gives the maximum value with respect to the specified comparison function. Read more

1.6.0
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Returns the element that gives the minimum value from the specified function. Read more

1.15.0
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Returns the element that gives the minimum value with respect to the specified comparison function. Read more

Important traits for Rev<I>
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Reverses an iterator's direction. Read more

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Converts an iterator of pairs into a pair of containers. Read more

Important traits for Cloned<I>
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Creates an iterator which [clone]s all of its elements. Read more

Important traits for Cycle<I>
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Repeats an iterator endlessly. Read more

1.11.0
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Sums the elements of an iterator. Read more

1.11.0
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Iterates over the entire iterator, multiplying all the elements Read more

1.5.0
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Lexicographically compares the elements of this Iterator with those of another. Read more

1.5.0
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Lexicographically compares the elements of this Iterator with those of another. Read more

1.5.0
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Determines if the elements of this Iterator are equal to those of another. Read more

1.5.0
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Determines if the elements of this Iterator are unequal to those of another. Read more

1.5.0
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Determines if the elements of this Iterator are lexicographically less than those of another. Read more

1.5.0
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Determines if the elements of this Iterator are lexicographically less or equal to those of another. Read more

1.5.0
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Determines if the elements of this Iterator are lexicographically greater than those of another. Read more

1.5.0
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Determines if the elements of this Iterator are lexicographically greater than or equal to those of another. Read more

impl<T> Display for Box<T> where
    T: Display + ?Sized
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Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

impl<T> Eq for Box<T> where
    T: Eq + ?Sized
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impl<I> ExactSizeIterator for Box<I> where
    I: ExactSizeIterator + ?Sized
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Returns the exact number of times the iterator will iterate. Read more

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (exact_size_is_empty #35428)

Returns whether the iterator is empty. Read more

impl<T> Boxed for Box<T>
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (placement_new_protocol #27779)

The kind of data that is stored in this kind of box.

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (placement_new_protocol #27779)

The place that will negotiate the storage of the data.

Important traits for Box<I>
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (placement_new_protocol #27779)

Converts filled place into final owning value, shifting deallocation/cleanup responsibilities (if any remain), over to returned instance of Self and forgetting filled. Read more

impl<T> AsRef<T> for Box<T> where
    T: ?Sized
1.5.0
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Important traits for &'a mut I
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Performs the conversion.

impl Default for Box<str>
1.17.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Returns the "default value" for a type. Read more

impl<T> Default for Box<T> where
    T: Default
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Creates a Box<T>, with the Default value for T.

impl<T> Default for Box<[T]>
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Returns the "default value" for a type. Read more

impl<T> Hasher for Box<T> where
    T: Hasher + ?Sized
1.22.0
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Returns the hash value for the values written so far. Read more

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Writes some data into this Hasher. Read more

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Writes a single u8 into this hasher.

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Writes a single u16 into this hasher.

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Writes a single u32 into this hasher.

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Writes a single u64 into this hasher.

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (i128 #35118)

Writes a single u128 into this hasher.

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Writes a single usize into this hasher.

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Writes a single i8 into this hasher.

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Writes a single i16 into this hasher.

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Writes a single i32 into this hasher.

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Writes a single i64 into this hasher.

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (i128 #35118)

Writes a single i128 into this hasher.

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Writes a single isize into this hasher.

impl<T> Generator for Box<T> where
    T: Generator + ?Sized
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (generator_trait #43122)

The type of value this generator yields. Read more

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (generator_trait #43122)

The type of value this generator returns. Read more

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (generator_trait #43122)

Resumes the execution of this generator. Read more

impl<T> Debug for Box<T> where
    T: Debug + ?Sized
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Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

impl<T> Deref for Box<T> where
    T: ?Sized
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The resulting type after dereferencing.

Important traits for &'a mut I
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Dereferences the value.

impl<T> PartialOrd<Box<T>> for Box<T> where
    T: PartialOrd<T> + ?Sized
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This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists. Read more

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This method tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator. Read more

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This method tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator. Read more

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This method tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator. Read more

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This method tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator. Read more

impl<I> FusedIterator for Box<I> where
    I: FusedIterator + ?Sized
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impl<T> Pointer for Box<T> where
    T: ?Sized
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Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<T> Drop for Box<T> where
    T: ?Sized
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Executes the destructor for this type. Read more

impl<'a, E: Error + 'a> From<E> for Box<Error + 'a>
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl<'a, E: Error + Send + Sync + 'a> From<E> for Box<Error + Send + Sync + 'a>
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl From<String> for Box<Error + Send + Sync>
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl From<String> for Box<Error>
1.6.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl<'a, 'b> From<&'b str> for Box<Error + Send + Sync + 'a>
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Box<Error>
1.6.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<Error + Send + Sync + 'a>
1.22.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for Box<Error>
1.22.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl<T: Error> Error for Box<T>
1.8.0
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A short description of the error. Read more

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The lower-level cause of this error, if any. Read more

impl<'a> From<&'a CStr> for Box<CStr>
1.17.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl From<Box<CStr>> for CString
1.18.0
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Performs the conversion.

impl From<CString> for Box<CStr>
1.20.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl Default for Box<CStr>
1.17.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Returns the "default value" for a type. Read more

impl<'a> From<&'a OsStr> for Box<OsStr>
1.17.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl From<Box<OsStr>> for OsString
1.18.0
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Performs the conversion.

impl From<OsString> for Box<OsStr>
1.20.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl Default for Box<OsStr>
1.17.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Returns the "default value" for a type. Read more

impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>
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Pull some bytes from this source into the specified buffer, returning how many bytes were read. Read more

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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (read_initializer #42788)

Determines if this Reader can work with buffers of uninitialized memory. Read more

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Read all bytes until EOF in this source, placing them into buf. Read more

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Read all bytes until EOF in this source, appending them to buf. Read more

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Read the exact number of bytes required to fill buf. Read more

Important traits for &'a mut I
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Creates a "by reference" adaptor for this instance of Read. Read more

Important traits for Bytes<R>
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Transforms this Read instance to an [Iterator] over its bytes. Read more

Important traits for Chars<R>
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (io #27802)

the semantics of a partial read/write of where errors happen is currently unclear and may change

Transforms this Read instance to an [Iterator] over [char]s. Read more

Important traits for Chain<T, U>
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Creates an adaptor which will chain this stream with another. Read more

Important traits for Take<T>
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Creates an adaptor which will read at most limit bytes from it. Read more

impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>
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Write a buffer into this object, returning how many bytes were written. Read more

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Flush this output stream, ensuring that all intermediately buffered contents reach their destination. Read more

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Attempts to write an entire buffer into this write. Read more

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Writes a formatted string into this writer, returning any error encountered. Read more

Important traits for &'a mut I
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Creates a "by reference" adaptor for this instance of Write. Read more

impl<S: Seek + ?Sized> Seek for Box<S>
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Seek to an offset, in bytes, in a stream. Read more

impl<B: BufRead + ?Sized> BufRead for Box<B>
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Fills the internal buffer of this object, returning the buffer contents. Read more

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Tells this buffer that amt bytes have been consumed from the buffer, so they should no longer be returned in calls to read. Read more

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Read all bytes into buf until the delimiter byte or EOF is reached. Read more

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Read all bytes until a newline (the 0xA byte) is reached, and append them to the provided buffer. Read more

Important traits for Split<B>
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Returns an iterator over the contents of this reader split on the byte byte. Read more

Important traits for Lines<B>
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Returns an iterator over the lines of this reader. Read more

impl<'a> From<&'a Path> for Box<Path>
1.17.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.

impl From<Box<Path>> for PathBuf
1.18.0
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Performs the conversion.

impl From<PathBuf> for Box<Path>
1.20.0
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Important traits for Box<I>
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Performs the conversion.