Introduction to Team Building
Preparation for Forming a Team is Understanding Yourself and Others
Team building preparation begins with an understanding of how people
work individually. Explaining personal working styles to the other members
of a team is the first step in preparing to become a member of a team.
Individual team members have to know themselves well enough to articulate
how they will behave in the team. People do not always agree, work in
the same way, learn in the same way, or have the same values. Personal
work styles, values and learning styles affect communication.
Being a successful member of a team begins with learning how to collaborate.
To collaborate, one must learn to identify team members thinking,
learning, and working patterns. Team members may have different working
styles. Different working styles can be a source of conflict. Collaborating
successfully includes separating these differences in working style and
viewing the differences as an opportunity to learn and adapt both styles.
Differences in values and thinking not acknowledged could create interpersonal
problems between team members, which can lead to performance problems
for a team. Successful collaboration requires creation of a system for
the team to deal with conflict and negotiation. Dealing with conflict
in a team setting is different than dealing with conflict in a personal
relationship. This is partly because the rules for trusting others in
a work setting are different. In a personal relationship trust is developed
through experience and emotion, while in a work setting, trust is developed
by establishing rules that govern how a person will trust another. Successful
teams honestly discuss past team experiences identifying their success
and developing systems to deal with the problems they have encountered.
These discussions establish the foundation for establishing rules to facilitate
developing trust within the team.
Behavior is situation specific. Your leadership, conflict, working, learning,
thinking, and negotiating styles are also situation specific, and learning
how to adapt them to a specific situation is a skill. You develop these
interpersonal competencies
as you do your technical competencies. Identifying the use of these different
styles in specific situations requires knowledge and focus. Identifying
the use of the appropriate style for the appropriate situation, adapting
the style, and practicing these skills in a highly organized environment
necessitates a high level of competency. To effectively organize a project,
scientists and engineers need to be competent at both the team and task
process. Bringing all your skills and abilities to bear upon a problem,
creates a successful dynamic environment for team members that is satisfying
and harmonious.
Relax and enjoy learning the information. Team building is a growth experience.
"While you still have time and resources to maneuver anticipate upcoming
limiting forces, which are small now, but which will increase as time
goes on. You cannot eliminate the limits. You, can however, work with
them more effectively, and incorporate them into your next wave of expansion."
(Senge, 1994, The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook) Collaborating can
be very complex and hard to manage in large teams. Mastering high performance
in a small team is a good beginning for collaborating in a larger team.
Team Formation
Projects begin with team formation. In order to form a successful team,
there are basic concepts team members need to understand.
- Definition and Differences Between Team and Task Process
- What is a Team?
- Team
Life Cycle
- Mission
Statement and how to create
one
- Time
Management Plan
- Conflict
Management
- Development of a team culture
Forming a team has two essential steps:
- When a team is being formed it is important for members to get to
know each other quickly. Team members need to discuss each other's similarities
and differences in small group interactive sessions. In forming a team,
trusting each other is a major component to attaining high performance.
It is essential to "Break the Ice" and support new team members
in developing trust and openly discussing skills and abilities.
- Teams must create an organizational structure that defines team roles,
ground rules for communicating with each other and people outside the
team, and an organizational plan for the project. Competent team members
view their team as a series of integrated systems that clearly define
how the team and task will be managed; this is the team culture. There
are certain organizational behaviors that are called competencies that
support a competent organizational structure and support effective team
membership. These competencies support planning and executing a task.
The ability to influence others, understanding how to practice individual
and mutual accountability, creating a bias for action, skill in collaborating
with others, effective communication skills, being directive
and flexible, interpersonal understanding, the ability to network, having
organizational awareness, being able to self-regulate, utilizing leadership
skills are all skills that are utilized in forming a successful team.
Definition and Differences Between Team and Task Process
There are two processes happening simultaneously when people collaborate
on a project, the task process and the team process. The task process
concerns all activities in direct support of the project objective, including:
defining the problem, performing literature searches, designing equipment,
and performing experiments. The team process relates to all activities
intended to improve the effectiveness and productivity of your team, including:
developing systems that support effective communication, establishing
ground rules, and developing a team culture that provides an environment
for planning the task. Both processes are of equal importance and must
be maintained simultaneously. Team and task processes are composed of
maintenance behaviors and competencies. The processes are structured hierarchically
and then maintained simultaneously. The first structure in the hierarchy
is the team process.
Team Process
The team process establishes effective interpersonal relationship behaviors
amongst team members. Once structured properly and agreed upon these behaviors
allow the team to effectively communicate, manage conflict, make decisions,
and problem solve. Team maintenance behaviors focus on the interaction
between individuals while they are accomplishing tasks. Team maintenance
skills and activities include the following:
Active
Listening
Facilitating Discussions
Establishing a Team Culture
Recognizing and Appreciating Others
Managing Morale
Managing
Conflict
Preparing Negotiations
Coaching
and Supporting Others
Assessing Individual Styles of Behavior
Team members can increase their effectiveness by utilizing their full
level of competence in relevant skills and behaviors. Some team process
competencies a person should cultivate when becoming a member of a team
are described below (MIT, Competencies Dictionary, 2000):
Ability to Influence is the ability to move others to act
in a desired way. Competency in influencing others requires being open
to others ideas and listening actively before directing others
to act in a desired way.
Accountability is the ability to establish a commitment to
achieving results in other team members by making them answerable to
other team members and other persons interested in the task.
Bias for Action is the ability to think a problem over before
taking action and then appropriately and consistently make decisions
concerning when to act and when to delay.
Collaborating with Others is the willingness and ability to
work with others to achieve shared success at any time.
Communication is the ability to actively listen to others
and to develop a mode of communicating that includes skillful
conversation (where all members share in the decision making
and understanding of how the task will be accomplished). Part of the
communication process is to utilize multiple communication modes and
channels. A competent team member utilizes all technology available
to keep the team high performing and increases resources by being trained
in the latest communication technology and the art of effective communication.
Directiveness is the ability to lead by setting firm standards
of behavior and accountability through coaching and team building.
Flexibility is the ability to adapt and work effectively within
a variety of situations with team members and other individuals. It
requires the ability to understand and manage different perspectives
on an issue, while understanding and using situation specific skills
to manage the team.
Interpersonal Understanding is the ability to commit to understanding
other team members by assessing their behavioral competencies. Learning
and developing expertise in the use of assessment tools elevate competency
on a student team.
Networking Ability is the ability to build relationships that
support the accomplishment of your goals and objectives.
Organizational Awareness is an ability to understand the organizational
culture and manage the organizational influences to achieve objectives.
Self-Regulation is the ability to regulate personal own behavior
and use emotional intelligence in times of conflict or stress. Competency
in this area includes being aware of different conflict styles and knowing
how to appropriately apply them to different situations.
Team Leadership is the ability to use different leadership
styles that are situation specific to achieve high performance by the
team. Competency level on a student team is being trained in situational
and shared leadership skills.
Teamwork is the ability to lead teams and be a team member
who can share work and leadership and be individually and mutually accountable
for the equitable distribution of work.
Task Process
Once the team formation is established, the task process is planned.
The goal is to apply the information and procedures learned in the initial
stages of the team process to facilitate the execution of the task. The
beginning of the task process for most teams should include the following
activities:
Establishing a Mission Statement
Creating a Scope Statement
Defining the Objectives for the Team Project
Creating Goals
that can be decomposed into Activities for the Team
Understanding the Competencies Necessary for Executing the Task
Time
Management Plans that Create Functional Systems for the
Team (i.e. creating problem statements)
Some Task Competencies are defined below:
Achievement Orientation is the desire to do well, to work
to a high standard and to ask what is expected of oneself.
Analytical Thinking is the ability to make formal and logical
deductions using models, formulas, and scientific solutions. Competency
in this area involves setting priorities on a rational basis, identifying
time sequences and causal relationships, and consistently using formal
and logical deductions successfully.
Applying Expertise is the ability to gain, apply, and disseminate
knowledge to oneself, team members, and others.
Conceptual Thinking is the ability to think of new ways to
look at problems by using your knowledge and skill to become innovative.
Dedication is the ability to meet objectives under increasingly
challenging circumstances and to thrive with some stress.
Strategic Orientation is the ability to link long-range visions
and concepts to daily work by using time management to keep the team
high performing. This includes the ability to manage other people and
create action
plans for the team to follow.
Technical Expertise is the specific knowledge, skills, qualifications,
or experience required to carry out the objectives of your team project.
Technical Skill Development is the ability to develop new
skills and knowledge as required. This also entails assessing technical
skills in other team members and using them effectively to accomplish
the task. (adapted from the MIT Competency Dictionary, Human Resources
Department, Hays & Company, 1999)
What is a Team?
Most of the skills and abilities needed to function on a team are already
familiar concepts. The goal is to organize these skills into efficient
and effective strategies. The basic skills of team building begin with
learning the difference between a team and a work group. A Work Group
has the following distinguishing characteristics:
Strong Clearly Focused Leader
Individual Accountability
Task and Group Process Rigidly Controlled by Leader
Individual Work Products
Directive and Inflexible Meetings
Goal Accomplishment Measured by Leader
Leader Directs Problem-Solving Discussions, Decisions and Delegation
Many engineering students have been exposed to work groups and consider
them teams.
A team actually has the following characteristics:
Shared Leadership Roles with Shared Authority
Collaborative Task Activities
Individual and Mutual Accountability
Collective Work Product
Encouragement of Open Ended Discussions
Specific Problem-Solving Meetings
Performance Measured by Assessing Collective Work Product
Discussions and Decisions about Problem Solving
(adapted from Katzenbach, J. R. & Smith D. K., 1993).
Teams develop and move through stages. They have an agreed upon defined
structure that is equally maintained by team members. Teams can develop
more flexibility than a work group by allowing the team members to become
mutually and individually accountable to the team as an entity unto itself.
To create this mutual and individual accountability a team needs structural,
behavioral, and communication models that provide rules and acceptable
modes of behavior. Team members should get to know each other, and learn
about each team member's personal competencies, needs, mindsets, and negotiation
and conflict management skills.
Teams function in organizational environments that are always changing.
Providing team members with the proper tools and structure to make the
team into a distinct entity with its own culture assures that the team
can effectively communicate their accomplishments with others in the organization.
Teams are defined by the purpose the members wish to accomplish, their
structure, culture, and environment. As an engineer you will be asked
to manage or be a member of three types of teams: work teams, knowledge
teams, and cross-functional teams, which includes research and development
teams. A self managed work team is defined as a team that takes the responsibility
to learn how to manage themselves, using shared leadership, structured
decision-making, and formal weekly meetings as part of their structure.
A knowledge team utilizes the formation of team boundaries, shared team
leadership, team training and development, participative goal setting,
enhanced flexibility, conflict management skills, enhanced creativity,
decision-making, and written and clearly defined participative action
plans utilizing technical communication. Knowledge teams require a strong
project manager who can effectively keep open communication with customers
and organizational priorities and make the team accountable for their
results (Romig & Olson, 1995).
A cross-functional team is a team whose participants are from different
departments or disciplines and who work together in a team to reach a
common goal. Shared leadership is very important in cross-functional teams
because, as the action plans for the team develop, different team members
lead the team through their area of expertise. Finding a common language
and understanding differences in perspective are most important in cross-functional
teams.
Complex and dynamic work environments require creativity, innovation,
effective strategic planning, and the ability to define goals and objectives,
and strong decision-making. Teams have become an integral part of these
environments. Organizations understand that teams can provide rapid consensus
across departments, allowing effective prioritization, enhancing creativity,
and providing companies with a competitive advantage.
Go to What is a Team Exercise »
Team Life Cycle Stages
All teams go through growing pains. Successful teams grow and evolve
from a collection of individuals into an effective team. Some teams never
grow beyond communicating about their interpersonal problems with each
other. It is generally agreed that there are five stages of team development
in a team life cycle. These stages are: formation, criticism, synthesis,
accomplishment, and completion. Understanding these stages is critical
because teams progress and regress through these stages of development.
When a high performing team looses or gains a new team member, the team
is pushed back into the formation stage of development while the new member
is integrated into the team culture. Equipment failure or unexpected problems
can cause a team that is in the accomplishment a stage to be pushed back
into the criticism
stage. Understanding the progress and regression of stage
development is useful in these circumstances because different sets of
tasks need to be accomplished when a team is in a particular stage in
order for the team to effectively maintain the team and task processes.
To understand team stage development, there are mitigating factors that
must be kept in mind when collaborating with others. All team members
have personal agendas that they wish to maintain while working collaboratively.
These are the outside pressures that team members feel in a team. Part
of each persons personal agenda includes the desire to work and
be viewed as competent. Assessment of yourself and other team members
helps to structure each members competencies to support the performance
of a team.
Team Life Cycles
STAGE 1
FORMATION
"Honeymoon " period
Excitement, anticipation, and optimism
Initial, tentative commitment to the team
Suspicion, fear and anxiety about ability to accomplish the task
Skepticism about what role team member will play on team
Idealistic discussion of concepts and issues
Impatience about having to discuss the process
Complaints about barriers to the task
Resistance to building team, focus on task
Team members strengths and weaknesses are discussed but not accepted
Ground Rules are established
STAGE 2
CRITICISM
Ground rules are ignored
Near panic sets in over the realization of how much work lies ahead
Resistance to the task
Sharp fluctuations in attitude about the team
Skepticism about the projects chances of success
Argument begins amongst team members, although there is agreement
on the real issues
Defensiveness
Competition
Doubt over the competence of superiors who chose the project
STAGE 3
SYNTHESIS
Team members learn to work together successfully
Resistance fades
Collaborative efforts are initiated
Team members begin to give each other positive criticism
Members begin to reestablish a harmonious team culture
Commitment to the task
Realistic planning takes place
Conflict management is established and agreed upon
The teams mission is beginning to be realized
Team and personal goals are discussed and implemented
Ground rules are implemented
Maintenance of team is established
Discussion begins on how to maintain the team culture
Beliefs, assumptions, and values are acknowledged
Progress on the task is significant
STAGE 4
ACCOMPLISHMENT
Members skillfully discuss their strengths and weaknesses
Members use knowledge of strengths and weaknesses to accomplish their
task
Team members understand their roles on the team
Team members are satisfied with the teams progress
Members are committed to the teams goals
Team as a unit can implement change
Members are effective at problem-solving and decision-making
Dialogue amongst team members is established
STAGE 5
COMPLETION
Team members assess if team reached their goals, both collectively
and personally
Members emotionally accept situations where their expectations were
not met on the team
Members acknowledge the personal goals they did not attain
Member acknowledge the personal goals they attained
Team members openly discuss changes they would make the next time
they are on a team
Members say good-bye to each other
Archival materials are stored and given to proper authorities
Communication systems used by the team are closed down
The Team Formation Model
The following elements are essential for effective team building:
- Exchange of schedules, phone numbers, e-mail addresses which are recorded
on a team calendar.
- Choice of roles that can be rotated amongst team members or remain
static, i.e. team
leader, recorder,
time keeper, and/or oral presenter. The appropriate roles depend upon
the nature of your project and may be determined by the instructor.
- Exchange of interpersonal and technical information about strengths
and weaknesses concerning the team and task process. This includes a
discussion and record of each individual team members strengths
and weaknesses in the areas that will be utilized in the team and task
processes.
- Creation of a mission statement that can be utilized to make a time
management plan.
- Creation of ground
rules.
- Discussion of the team life cycle and what tasks are associated with
each cycle to maintain the teams effectiveness.
- Creation of a time management plan to develop action plans. These
can be expanded into flexible weekly and daily activity
lists for the team.
- Development of a system for communicating the teams activities
to other interested parties, i.e. faculty, other team members, and teaching
assistants.
- Arrangement of planned weekly team meetings,
including preparation of agendas
and minutes. Meetings can be formal or take place by e-mail. The focus
for team meetings is on preparation, planning, and reporting activities.
|