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Recent Publications 2000

A Product of the Urban Waste Management Anchor Team Urban Development Division, The World Bank Group http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/urban/solid_wm/swm_body.htm

For comments or suggestions, please e-mail Christianna Johnnides at cjohnnides@worldbank.org or Carl Bartone at cbartone@worldbank.org

Contents

UWEP/WASTE

How are we managing our healthcare wastes?

Municipal Solid Waste Management Involving Micro- and Small Enterprises: Guidelines for Municipal Managers

Solid Waste Management Directory of English-language publications and organisations for low-and middle-income countries

Urban Sanitation Management in Developing Countries

1000 Terms in Solid Waste Management

CREED Reports

A Collection of Solid Waste Resources (CD)

Healthcare Waste Management Guidance Note

Guidance Pack

Private sector participation in municipal solid waste management

Papers on scavengers

The Effect of Income on Municipal Solid Waste Generation Rates for Countries of Varying Levels of Economic Development: A Model


UWEP/WASTE

UWEP/WASTE publishes on various waste related topics. The most recent publication will cover linkages between stakeholders. It is based on a research into the role of the various actors in waste management. Linkages or alliances between these actors are of vital importance for the running of the waste management system. UWEP research findings from Manizales and Medellin (Colombia), Hanoi (Vietnam), Manila, Quezon City and Puerto Princesa (the Philippines) were combined with research findings from cases studied by the University of Amsterdam. All these findings were analysed by a team of the university and WASTE. Alliances were distinguished, objectives for sustainable alliances were developed together with indicators to measure this sustainability. Furthermore, these objectives were set against the different levels in waste management: the policy/legislative, the organisational, the technical and the performance level.

More and more of the UWEP publications are being madeaccessible electronically, through the WASTE website: http://www.waste.nl/publ.htm

Other topics covered, are:
- organic waste and compost
- plastic waste
- rubber waste
- hazardous waste
- micro and small enterprises in waste management
- excreta collection
- urban agriculture
- occupational health aspects in waste collection and recycling - community participation in sanitation
- sustainable wastewater treatment
- hospital waste management
- separation at source
- ship and port waste
- battery recycling

For any orders and/or a copy of the UWEP publication list, please contact WASTE

WASTE, attn. Anne-Lies Risseeuw
Nieuwehaven 201
2801 CW Gouda
the Netherlands
e-mail: alrisseeuw@waste.nl
fax + 31 (0)182 550313
website: http://www.waste.nl

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SKAT Publications
http://www.skat.ch

 

How are we managing our healthcare wastes?
Coad A., Christen J.

This book is concerned with the management of hazardous healthcare wastes in low- and middle-income countries. It answers the question How are we managing our healthcare wastes? in two ways. Firstly, it brings together observations and data from six major cities in the Middles East, Africa and Asia. These case studies give a comprehensive picture of the current state of healthcare waste management in much of the developing world. Secondly, it suggests how a hospital administrator or consultant could undertake an investigation into health care waste management in a particular institution, and so find the answer to this question. For this purpose, the main part of the book consists of a series of questions, with comments and observations related to each. This book clearly illustrates that the management of healthcare waste is note simply a matter of data and technology. Improving the situation also requires training, commitment, management, leadership and effective legislation.

Municipal Solid Waste Management Involving Micro- and Small Enterprises: Guidelines for Municipal Managers
Haan H. C., Coad A., Lardinois I.

This book is for managers, engineers and administrators who have some responsibility for municipal solid waste management, and who are looking for ways to improve the service or economise. It covers issues of involving new entrepreneurs and small community-based groups in the collection of solid wastes (garbage) from streets, homes and businesses. The book is primarily concerned with situations found in middle and lower-income countries, and draws extensively on experiences in Latin America, South-east Asia and Africa. (also available in Spanish and French)

Solid Waste Management Directory of English-language publications and organisations for low-and middle-income countries
compiled by Adrian Coad

This book is an attempt to catalogue information sources that are currently available and that are related to solid waste management in low-income countries. It gives an abstract for each publication and information needed for ordering. It also includes a list of some of the organisations that are active in the field.

Urban Sanitation Management in Developing Countries
Schubeler P.

This brochure is concerned with urban sanitation developing countries. Rather than focusing on sanitation problems or possible solutions, its aim is to present three conceptual tools for assessing urban sanitation systems and illustrate the use of these tools with regard to a few selected cases.

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International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)
http://www.iswa.org/

 

1000 Terms in Solid Waste Management
Edited by John Skitt

1,000 Terms in Solid Waste Management is the first comprehensive international glossary on environment and waste management. An authoritative guide for researchers, educators, students and practitioners in the field, this volume gives answers to thousands of questions on the meaning of waste.

The meaning and usage of more than 1,000 terms in explained in English, and for each term there is a translation into German, French, Italian and Spanish.

Extensive cross-references in all five languages make it an easy-to-use handbook, indispensable to anyone with a professional interest in waste management issues. The book covers all aspects of the storage, collection, separation, treatment, transportation and disposal of wastes. 1992, 253 pages, DKK 150.00

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International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)
http://www.iied.org/index.html

CREED Reports
CREED is a joint initiative between IIED and IVM (Inst for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universeit, Amsterdam) working to strengthen research capacity in environmental economics and policy analysis in developing countries.

To order: http://www.oneworld.org/iied/bookshop/pubs/8113.html

Increasing amounts of waste, both solid and liquid, are being generated as a result of the rapid rate of urbanisation. This in turn presents greater difficulties for disposal. The problem is more acute in developing countries, such as India, where the pace of economic growth as well as urbanisation is. Various concepts have been developed over the years to provide the basis for improving the solid waste conditions in developing cities.

Among them, integrated Solid Waste Management (SWM) provides a framework which has been very successful in various industrialised countries. However, urban governments in developing countries are constrained by limited finances and inadequate services which prevent them from tackling the problemeffectively. In addition, their SWM planning is hampered by a lack of data while information at all levels, if available, is generally unreliable, scattered and unorganised. As a result, planning of SWM is a difficult task.

This paper attempts to understand the SWM process on the basis of an evaluation of the waste flow in the study area of Bangalore. The objective here is to review the available literature in order to derive lessons and apply the insights to an analysis of the situation in the field. In addition to the literature data are collected from the field. Despite several analytical shortcomings of this study, the flow evaluation highlights various priority issues that need to be addressed in future SWM planning in Bangalore as well as other Indian cities.

These include:- inadequate municipal services due to limited resources;- an absence of hygienic and scientific disposal systems;- a lack of public awareness for waste management resulting in high levels of unsegregated waste generation and littering;- the existence of an extensive informal network which is mainly driven by market forces and functions partly on subsistence levels;- the absence of sufficient capacity for waste processing, in particular for organic waste which is in most abundance;- the existence of a relatively small market for recycled waste products. Although SWM includes a range of stakeholders, the contribution of government is imperative. This does not necessarily have to be financial. For example, the government should make a formal commitment to an integrated SWM approach, and recognise the contribution of existing informal recycling networks. Moreover, waste recycling can be promoted through consumer campaigns encouraging citizens to co-operate in waste separation. A more realistic fee for waste services could be extracted in return for a guarantee that these services will be provided. Finally, to be effective. SWM requires regular and proper monitoring of disposal activities.

To order: http://www.oneworld.org/iied/bookshop/pubs/8114.html

Solid waste management (SWM) in developing countries has traditionally focused on organisational and technical concerns. However, this approach neglects the many activities and actors that waste management comprises. We propose a new paradigm of SWM which extends the technical model to tackle a range of problems associated with waste management in order to achieve socially and environmentally responsible waste management.

This includes a range of activities, issues and processes such as the types of waste generated, the number of stakeholders and economic activities involved, and the various economic, social and environmental effects of SWM and may include legitimisation of the informal system, public participation and possibly partial privatisation. Such an approach must therefore adopt a more comprehensive and broader perspective, and, because of this complexity, it is necessary to incorporate insights from several disciplines to developeffective management of solid waste. This paper attempts to offer such an approach by incorporating these issues in an economic framework. To evaluate the effectiveness of different SWM alternatives, a linear programming model has been developed.

The main objective of the model is to minimise overall system costs and to identify low cost alternatives to manage household, institutional and industrial waste. Although it has been developed as a classic single objective model, i.e. to minimise costs, it does incorporate social and environmental objectives associated with SWM; thus, it may be regarded as one which aims to find sustainable solutions. The set up of the model is comparable with input-output modeling with additional objectives embedded as side constraints. To demonstrate its relevance, the model is applied to the Indian city Bangalore. Various scenario runs are presented. This empirical exercise does not only reveal the model's strengths such as revealing important interdependencies in the waste management sector, but also highlights its weaknesses such as the demand for high quality data. Nevertheless, this model may be considered a valuable first step in evaluating integrated SWM in developing countries.

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CD-Rom from EPA
A Collection of Solid Waste Resources, Fall 1999 Edition

This CD-Rom contains scores of publications developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Office of Solid Waste (OSW). In addition, the CD-Rom now features the Municipal Solid Waste Factbook, an electronic reference combining a variety of national and state data on household waste management practices. The purpose of these resources is to provide the public with information on how to reduce, reuse, and recycle trash and properly manage different forms of solid and hazardous waste. OSW is committed to investigating and informing the public of the best methods for managing solid waste to protect human health and the environment and providing this information to the public.

We have a very limited supply of this CD-ROM but we will be happy to send it on a first click, first serve basis.

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Urban Development Division, INFUD
Environment Department
Health, Nutrition and Population Team

Healthcare Waste Management Guidance Note
by Lars Mikkel Johannssen, Marleen Dijkman, Carl Bartone, David Hanrahan, M. Gabriela Boyer, Candace Chandra

In several countries, where many health concerns often compete for very limited resources, the management of healthcare waste may not get the priority it deserves. The goal of this guidance note is to raise awareness of the importance of proper healthcare waste management (HCWM), help define the various types of healthcare waste, and offer practical guidance on ways to assess and improve HCWM in a variety of settings. This note intends to serve an internal World Bank audience.

Guidance Pack
Private sector participation in municipal solid waste management
(folder containing five booklets incl. 1 CD-rom)
Cointreau-Levine S., Gopalan P., Coad A.

Private sector participation in municipal solid waste management
(folder containing five booklets incl. 1 CD-rom)
Cointreau-Levine S., Gopalan P., Coad A.

The purpose of this document is to assist solid waste managers and key decision-makers in municipalities of low- and middle-income countries to decide whether to involve the private sector in solid waste services and, if so, how this should be done. The information in this book is not just theory; it is based on a wide range of case studies and extensive international experience.

This Pack consists of five separate booklets:

    - an Executive Overview, introducing the Pack, and directing the reader to more detailed discussion in the subsequent parts
    - The main part, the Guidance Note, which contains the arguments for private sector participation, reviews the options, explains the issues that must be considered and suggests the steps leading to implementation of its recommendations. there are frequent references to experiences and lessons learned in Africa, Asia, and America
    - the Tools - criteria, checklists, sample terms of reference and questionnaire forms
    - a comprehensive Word List, and
    - a CD with sample contracts and agreements for both collection and disposal operations, and other tools.

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Papers on scavengers

Professor Medina is working with scavengers to incorporate them into Municipal
Solid Waste Management systems. Reply to this email with the articles you would like to receive.

    1. Medina, Martin. 1998. "Border Scavenging: a case study of aluminum
    recycling in Laredo, TX and Nuevo Laredo, Mexico" Resources, Conservation and
    Recycling. Vol. 23: 107-126.
    2. Medina, Martin. 1997. "The Effect of Income on Municipal Solid Waste
    Generation Rates for Countries of Varying Levels of Economic Development: A
    Model." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management" Vol. 23. No.3:
    149-154.
    3. Medina, Martin. 1998. "Gaining Momentum. Scavenger Cooperatives in
    Developing Countries." BioCycle International. 70-72.
    4. Medina, Martin. 1993. "Collecting Recyclables in Metro Manila." BioCycle
    International. 51-53.
    5. Medina, Martin. 1997. "Colombia- Supporting Scavenger Co-ops." BioCycle
    International. 45-47.
    6. Medina, Martin. 1997. "Reciclaje de desechos solidos en America Latina."
    Frontera Norte, Vol. 11, No 21: 7-31.
    7. Medina, Martin. 1997. "Informal Recycling and Collection of Solid Wastes
    in Developing Countries: Issues and Opportunities." United Nations University
    Working Paper. No. 24.
    8. Medina, Martin. 1997. "Manejo de desechos solidos y desarrollo
    sustentible." Comercio Exterior. 830-837.

"The Effect of Income on Municipal Solid Waste Generation Rates for Countries of Varying Levels of Economic Development: A Model."
Medina, Martin. 1997.
Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management" Vol. 23. No.3: 149-154.

Abstract:
The relationship between municipal solid waste generation rates and income is assumed to be a direct and positive one. The present paper analyzes this relationship for 123 countries, based on data compiled by the United Nations. It was found that instead of a straight line, solid waste generation shows a curvilinear shape as income increases. The proposed model indicates a transitional pattern: as a low-income country develops, its waste generation rate increases; then for middle and upper-income countries a transition takes place, in which waste generation and income show a very weak association, and for the wealthiest countries, their waste generation rates actually decrease.

Group One: for every $1000 increment in a country's GNP per capita, its WGR will increase 100 grams

Group Two: income shows a very weak association with WGR

Group Three: the higher the income, the lower their WGR tends to be, for every $1000 increment of GNP translates into a reduction of 70 grams

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