- ImageMagick command-line utilities to create, edit, or convert images
 

Synopsis

Description

Files and Formats

Options

Environment

Configuration Files

Authors

Copyright

animate [ options ... ] file [ [ options ... ] file ... ]
 

compare [ options ... ] image resconstructed-image output-image
 

composite [ options ... ] change-image base-image [ mask-image ] output-image
 

conjure [ options ] script.msl [ [ options ] script.msl ]
 

convert [ [ options ... ] [ input-file ... ] ... [ output-file ] ]
 

display [ options ... ] file ... [ [options ... ]file ... ]
 

identify file [ file ... ]
 

import [ options ... ] file
 

mogrify [ options ... ] file ...
 

montage [ options ... ] file [ [ options ... ] file ... ] output-file
 

ImageMagick provides a suite of command-line utilities for creating, converting, editing, and displaying images:

display is a machine architecture independent image processing and display facility. It can display an image on any workstation display running an X server.

import reads an image from any visible window on an X server and outputs it as an image file. You can capture a single window, the entire screen, or any rectangular portion of the screen.

montage creates a composite by combining several separate images. The images are tiled on the composite image with the name of the image optionally appearing just below the individual tile.

convert converts an input file using one image format to an output file with the same or differing image format while applying an arbitrary number of image transformations.

mogrify transforms an image or a sequence of images. These transforms include image scaling, image rotation, color reduction, and others. The transmogrified image overwrites the original image.

identify describes the format and characteristics of one or more image files. It will also report if an image is incomplete or corrupt.

composite composites images (blends or merges images together) to create new images.

compare compare an image to a reconstructed image.

conjure interprets and executes scripts in the Magick Scripting Language (MSL).

The ImageMagick utilities recognize the following image formats:
 

Support for some of these formats require additional programs or libraries. README tells where to find this software.

Note, a format delineated with + means that if more than one image is specified, it is composited into a single multi-image file. Use +adjoin if you want a single image produced for each frame.

Your installation might not support all of the formats in the list. To get an up-to-date listing of the formats supported by your particular configuration, run "convert -list format".

Raw images are expected to have one byte per pixel unless gm is compiled in 16-bit mode or in 32-bit mode. Here, the raw data is expected to be stored two or four bytes per pixel, respectively, in most-significant-byte-first order. You can tell if gm was compiled in 16-bit mode by typing "version" without any options, and looking for "Q:16" in the first line of output.

By default, the image format is determined by its magic number, i.e., the first few bytes of the file. To specify a particular image format, precede the filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e.ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix. The magic number takes precedence over the filename suffix and the prefix takes precedence over the magic number and the suffix in input files. The prefix takes precedence over the filename suffix in output files. To read the "built-in" formats (GRANITE, H, LOGO, NETSCAPE, PLASMA, and ROSE) use a prefix (including the colon) without a filename or suffix. To read the XC format, follow the colon with a color specification. To read the CAPTION format, follow the colon with a text string or with a filename prefixed with the at symbol (@).
 

When you specify X as your image type, the filename has special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or root. If no filename is specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse in the desired window.

Specify input_file as - for standard input, output_file as - for standard output. If input_file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file is uncompressed with uncompress or gunzip respectively. If output_file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file is compressed using with compress or gzip respectively.

Finally, when running on platforms that allow it, precede the image file name with | to pipe to or from a system command (this feature is not available on VMS, Win32 and Macintosh platforms). Use a backslash or quotation marks to prevent your shell from interpreting the |.

Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after an input file name to specify a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD (e.g. "img0001.pcd[4]") or a range for MPEG images (e.g. "video.mpg[50-75]"). A subimage specification can be disjoint (e.g. "image.tiff[2,7,4]"). For raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g. -size 640x512 "image.rgb[320x256+50+50]"). Surround the image name with quotation marks to prevent your shell from interpreting the square brackets.

Single images are written with the filename you specify. However, multi-part images (e.g., a multi-page PostScript document with +adjoin specified) are written with the filename followed by a period (.) and the scene number. You can change this behavior by embedding a %d, %0Nd, %o, %0No, %x, or %0Nx printf format specification in the file name. For example,

    image%02d.miff

writes files image00.miff, image01.miff, etc.

When running a commandline utility, you can prepend an at sign @ to a filename to read a list of image filenames from that file. This is convenient in the event you have too many image filenames to fit on the command line.

Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect for the set of images that follows, until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option or -noop. Some options only affect the decoding of images and others only the encoding. The latter can appear after the final group of input images.

This is a combined list of the commandline options used by the ImageMagick utilities (animate, composite, convert, display, identify, import, mogrify and montage).
 

In this document, angle brackets ("<>") enclose variables and curly brackets ("{}") enclose optional parameters. For example, "-fuzz <distance>{%}" means you can use the option "-fuzz 10" or "-fuzz 2%".
 

-adjoin

-affine <matrix>

-annotate <x-rotate>x<y-rotate>{+-}<x>{ +-}<y> <text>

-antialias

-append

-authenticate <string>

-average

-backdrop <color>

-background <color>

-blue-primary <x>,<y>

-blur <radius>{x<sigma>}

-border <width>x<height>

-bordercolor <color>

-borderwidth <geometry>

-box <color>

-cache <threshold>

-channel <type>

-charcoal <factor>

-chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-} <y>{%}

-clip

     convert -clip -negate cockatoo.tif negated.tif

-coalesce

-colorize <value>

-colormap <type>

-colors <value>

-colorspace <value>

-combine

-comment <string>

     -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"

-compose <operator>

     Over
     In
     Out
     Atop
     Xor
     Plus
     Minus
     Difference
     Multiply
     Bumpmap

Over

The result will be the union of the two image shapes, with opaque areas of change-image obscuring base-image in the region of overlap.

In

The result is simply change-image cut by the shape of base-image. None of the image data of base-image will be in the result.

Out

The resulting image is change-image with the shape of base-image cut out.

Atop

The result is the same shape as base-image, with change-image obscuring base-image where the image shapes overlap. Note this differs from over because the portion of change-image outside base-image's shape does not appear in the result.

Xor

The result is the image data from both change-image and base-image that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region will be blank.

Plus

The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped to MaxRGB (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.

Minus

The result of change-image - base-image, with underflow cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to opaque, full coverage).

Difference

The result of abs(change-image - base-image). This is useful for comparing two very similar images.

Multiply

The result of change-image * base-image. This is useful for the creation of drop-shadows.

Bumpmap

The result base-image shaded by change-image.

-compress <type>

the type of image compression

Choices are: None, BZip, Fax, Group4, JPEG, Lossless, LZW, RLE or Zip.

Specify +compress to store the binary image in an uncompressed format. The default is the compression type of the specified image file.

If LZW compression is specified but LZW compression has not been enabled, the image data will be written in an uncompressed LZW format that can be read by LZW decoders. This may result in larger-than-expected GIF files.

"Lossless" refers to lossless JPEG, which is only available if the JPEG library has been patched to support it. Use of lossless JPEG is generally not recommended.

Use the -quality option to set the compression level to be used by JPEG, PNG, MIFF, and MPEG encoders. Use the -sampling-factor option to set the sampling factor to be used by JPEG, MPEG, and YUV encoders for downsampling the chroma channels.

-contrast

enhance or reduce the image contrast

This option enhances the intensity differences between the lighter and darker elements of the image. Use -contrast to enhance the image or +contrast to reduce the image contrast.

For a more pronounced effect you can repeat the option:

    convert rose: -contrast -contrast rose_c2.png

-convolve <kernel>

convolve image with the specified convolution kernel

The kernel is specified as a comma-separated list of integers, ordered left-to right, starting with the top row. The order of the kernel is determined by the square root of the number of entries. Presently only square kernels are supported.

-crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-} <y>{%}

preferred size and location of the cropped image

See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.

The width and height give the size of the image that remains after cropping, and x and y are offsets that give the location of the top left corner of the cropped image with respect to the original image. To specify the amount to be removed, use -shave instead.

If the x and y offsets are present, a single image is generated, consisting of the pixels from the cropping region. The offsets specify the location of the upper left corner of the cropping region measured downward and rightward with respect to the upper left corner of the image. If the -gravity option is present with NorthEast, East, or SouthEast gravity, it gives the distance leftward from the right edge of the image to the right edge of the cropping region. Similarly, if the -gravity option is present with SouthWest, South, or SouthEast gravity, the distance is measured upward between the bottom edges.

If the x and y offsets are omitted, a set of tiles of the specified geometry, covering the entire input image, is generated. The rightmost tiles and the bottom tiles are smaller if the specified geometry extends beyond the dimensions of the input image.

-cycle <amount>

displace image colormap by amount

Amount defines the number of positions each colormap entry is shifted.

-debug <events>

enable debug printout

The events parameter specifies which events are to be logged. It can be either None, All, or a comma-separated list consisting of one or more of the following domains: Annotate, Blob, Cache, Coder, Configure, Deprecate, Exception, Locale, Render, Resource, TemporaryFile, Transform, X11, or User. For example, to log cache and blob events, use

    convert -debug "Cache,Blob" rose: rose.png

The "User" domain is normally empty, but developers can log "User" events in their private copy of ImageMagick.

Use the -log option to specify the format for debugging output.

Use +debug to turn off all logging.

An alternative to using -debug is to use the MAGICK_DEBUG environment variable. The allowed values for the MAGICK_DEBUG environment variable are the same as for the -debug option.

-deconstruct

break down an image sequence into constituent parts

This option compares each image with the next in a sequence and returns the maximum bounding region of any pixel differences it discovers. This method can undo a coalesced sequence returned by the -coalesce option, and is useful for removing redundant information from a GIF or MNG animation.

The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance of any option. If the -deconstruct option appears after all of the input images, all images are deconstructed.

-define <key>{=<value>},...

add coder/decoder specific options

This option creates one or more definitions for coders and decoders to use while reading and writing image data. Definitions may be passed to coders and decoders to control options that are specific to certain image formats. If value is missing for a definition, an empty-valued definition of a flag will be created with that name. This is used to control on/off options. Use +define <key>,... to remove definitions previously created. Use +define "*" to remove all existing definitions.

The following definitions may be created:

    jp2:rate=<value>
        Specify the compression factor to use while writing JPEG-2000
        files. The compression factor is the reciprocal of the compression
        ratio. The valid range is 0.0 to 1.0, with 1.0 indicating lossless
        compression. If defined, this value overrides the -quality setting.
        The default quality setting of 75 results in a rate value of 0.06641.
    ps:imagemask
        If the ps:imagemask flag is defined, the PS3 and EPS3 coders will
        create Postscript files that render bilevel images with the Postscript
        imagemask operator instead of the image operator.

For example, to create a postscript file that will render only the black pixels of a bilevel image, use:

    convert bilevel.tif -define ps:imagemask eps3:stencil.ps

-delay <1/100ths of a second>

display the next image after pausing

This option is useful for regulating the animation of image sequences Delay/100 seconds must expire before the display of the next image. The default is no delay between each showing of the image sequence. The maximum delay is 65535.

You can specify a delay range (e.g. -delay 10-500) which sets the minimum and maximum delay.

-delete <index>

delete the image from the image sequence

-density <width>x<height>

horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image

This option specifies the image resolution to store while encoding a raster image or the canvas resolution while rendering (reading) vector formats such as Postscript, PDF, WMF, and SVG into a raster image. Image resolution provides the unit of measure to apply when rendering to an output device or raster image. The default unit of measure is in dots per inch (DPI). The -units option may be used to select dots per centimeter instead.

The default resolution is 72 dots per inch, which is equivalent to one point per pixel (Macintosh and Postscript standard). Computer screens are normally 72 or 96 dots per inch while printers typically support 150, 300, 600, or 1200 dots per inch. To determine the resolution of your display, use a ruler to measure the width of your screen in inches, and divide by the number of horizontal pixels (1024 on a 1024x768 display).

If the file format supports it, this option may be used to update the stored image resolution. Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image resolution from a proprietary embedded profile. If this profile is not stripped from the image, then Photoshop will continue to treat the image using its former resolution, ignoring the image resolution specified in the standard file header.

The density option is an attribute and does not alter the underlying raster image. It may be used to adjust the rendered size for desktop publishing purposes by adjusting the scale applied to the pixels. To resize the image so that it is the same size at a different resolution, use the -resample option.

-depth <value>

depth of the image

This is the number of bits in a color sample within a pixel. The only acceptable values are 8 or 16. Use this option to specify the depth of raw images whose depth is unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK, or to change the depth of any image after it has been read.

-descend

obtain image by descending window hierarchy

-despeckle

reduce the speckles within an image

-displace <horizontal scale>x<vertical scale>

shift image pixels as defined by a displacement map

With this option, composite image is used as a displacement map. Black, within the displacement map, is a maximum positive displacement. White is a maximum negative displacement and middle gray is neutral. The displacement is scaled to determine the pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies in both the horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify mask, composite image is the horizontal X displacement and mask the vertical Y displacement.

-display <host:display[.screen]>

specifies the X server to contact

This option is used with convert for obtaining image or font from this X server. See X(1).

-dispose <method>

GIF disposal method

The Disposal Method indicates the way in which the graphic is to be treated after being displayed.

Here are the valid methods:

    Undefined       No disposal specified.
    None            Do not dispose between frames.
    Background      Overwrite the image area with
                    the background color.
    Previous        Overwrite the image area with
                    what was there prior to rendering
                    the image.

-dissolve <percent>

dissolve an image into another by the given percent

The opacity of the composite image is multiplied by the given percent, then it is composited over the main image.

-dither

apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image

The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be improved with this option.

The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to take effect.

Use +dither to turn off dithering and to render PostScript without text or graphic aliasing. Disabling dithering often (but not always) leads to decreased processing time.

-draw <string>

annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives

Use this option to annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives. The primitives include shapes, text, transformations, and pixel operations. The shape primitives are

     point           x,y
     line            x0,y0 x1,y1
     rectangle       x0,y0 x1,y1
     roundRectangle  x0,y0 x1,y1 wc,hc
     arc             x0,y0 x1,y1 a0,a1
     ellipse         x0,y0 rx,ry a0,a1
     circle          x0,y0 x1,y1
     polyline        x0,y0  ...  xn,yn
     polygon         x0,y0  ...  xn,yn
     Bezier          x0,y0  ...  xn,yn
     path            path specification
     image           operator x0,y0 w,h filename

The text primitive is

     text            x0,y0 string

The text gravity primitive is

     gravity         NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center,
                     East, SouthWest, South, or SouthEast

The text gravity primitive only affects the placement of text and does not interact with the other primitives. It is equivalent to using the -gravity commandline option, except that it is limited in scope to the -draw option in which it appears.

The transformation primitives are

     rotate          degrees
     translate       dx,dy
     scale           sx,sy
     skewX           degrees
     skewY           degrees

The pixel operation primitives are

     color           x0,y0 method
     matte           x0,y0 method

The shape primitives are drawn in the color specified in the preceding -stroke option. Except for the line and point primitives, they are filled with the color specified in the preceding -fill option. For unfilled shapes, use -fill none

.

Point requires a single coordinate.

Line requires a start and end coordinate.

Rectangle expects an upper left and lower right coordinate.

RoundRectangle has the upper left and lower right coordinates and the width and height of the corners.

Circle has a center coordinate and a coordinate for the outer edge.

Use Arc to inscribe an elliptical arc within a rectangle. Arcs require a start and end point as well as the degree of rotation (e.g. 130,30 200,100 45,90).

Use Ellipse to draw a partial ellipse centered at the given point with the x-axis and y-axis radius and start and end of arc in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150 0,360).

Finally, polyline and polygon require three or more coordinates to define its boundaries. Coordinates are integers separated by an optional comma. For example, to define a circle centered at 100,100 that extends to 150,150 use:

     -draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'

Paths (See Paths) represent an outline of an object which is defined in terms of moveto (set a new current point), lineto (draw a straight line), curveto (draw a curve using a cubic Bezier), arc (elliptical or circular arc) and closepath (close the current shape by drawing a line to the last moveto) elements. Compound paths (i.e., a path with subpaths, each consisting of a single moveto followed by one or more line or curve operations) are possible to allow effects such as "donut holes" in objects.

Use image to composite an image with another image. Follow the image keyword with the composite operator, image location, image size, and filename:

     -draw 'image Over 100,100 225,225 image.jpg'

You can use 0,0 for the image size, which means to use the actual dimensions found in the image header. Otherwise, it will be scaled to the given dimensions. See -compose for a description of the composite operators.

Use text to annotate an image with text. Follow the text coordinates with a string. If the string has embedded spaces, enclose it in single or double quotes. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute by embedding special format character. See -comment for details.

For example,

     -draw 'text 100,100 "%m:%f %wx%h"'

annotates the image with MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

If the first character of string is @, the text is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

Rotate rotates subsequent shape primitives and text primitives about the origin of the main image. If the -region option precedes the -draw option, the origin for transformations is the upper left corner of the region.

Translate translates them.

Scale scales them.

SkewX and SkewY skew them with respect to the origin of the main image or the region.

The transformations modify the current affine matrix, which is initialized from the initial affine matrix defined by the -affine option. Transformations are cumulative within the -draw option. The initial affine matrix is not affected; that matrix is only changed by the appearance of another -affine option. If another -draw option appears, the current affine matrix is reinitialized from the initial affine matrix.

Use color to change the color of a pixel to the fill color (see -fill). Follow the pixel coordinate with a method:

     point
     replace
     floodfill
     filltoborder
     reset

Consider the target pixel as that specified by your coordinate. The point method recolors the target pixel. The replace method recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas filltoborder recolors any neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally, reset recolors all pixels.

Use matte to the change the pixel matte value to transparent. Follow the pixel coordinate with a method (see the color primitive for a description of methods). The point method changes the matte value of the target pixel. The replace method changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas filltoborder changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color (-bordercolor). Finally reset changes the matte value of all pixels.

You can set the primitive color, font, and font bounding box color with -fill, -font, and -box respectively. Options are processed in command line order so be sure to use these options before the -draw option.

-edge <radius>

detect edges within an image

-emboss <radius>

emboss an image

-encoding <type>

specify the text encoding

Choose from AdobeCustom, AdobeExpert, AdobeStandard, AppleRoman, BIG5, GB2312, Latin 2, None, SJIScode, Symbol, Unicode, Wansung.

-endian <type>

specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of the image

Use +endian to revert to unspecified endianness.

-enhance

apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image

-equalize

perform histogram equalization to the image

-evaluate <operator> <constant>

evaluate an arithmetic, relational, or logical expression

Choose from: Add, And, Divide, LeftShift, Max, Min, Multiply, Or, RightShift, Set, Subtract, or Xor.

-fill <color>

color to use when filling a graphic primitive

Colors are represented in ImageMagick in the same form used by SVG:

    name                 ("convert -list color" to see names)
    #RGB                 (R,G,B are hex numbers, 4 bits each)
    #RRGGBB              (8 bits each)
    #RRRGGGBBB           (12 bits each)
    #RRRRGGGGBBBB        (16 bits each)
    #RGBA                (4 bits each)
    #RRGGBBAA            (8 bits each)
    #RRRGGGBBBAAA        (12 bits each)
    #RRRRGGGGBBBBAAAA    (16 bits each)
    rgb(r,g,b)           (r,g,b are decimal numbers)
    rgba(r,g,b,a)        (r,g,b,a are decimal numbers)

Enclose the color specification in quotation marks to prevent the "#" or the parentheses from being interpreted by your shell.

For example,

    convert -fill blue ...
    convert -fill "#ddddff" ...
    convert -fill "rgb(65000,65000,65535)" ...

The shorter forms are scaled up, if necessary by replication. For example, #3af, #33aaff, and #3333aaaaffff are all equivalent.

See -draw for further details.

-filter <type>

use this type of filter when resizing an image

Use this option to affect the resizing operation of an image (see -geometry). Choose from these filters:

     Point
     Box
     Triangle
     Hermite
     Hanning
     Hamming
     Blackman
     Gaussian
     Quadratic
     Cubic
     Catrom
     Mitchell
     Lanczos
     Bessel
     Sinc

The default filter is automatically selected to provide the best quality while consuming a reasonable amount of time. The Mitchell filter is used if the image supports a palette, supports a matte channel, or is being enlarged, otherwise the Lanczos filter is used.

-flatten

flatten a sequence of images

The sequence of images is replaced by a single image created by composing each image after the first over the first image.

The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance of any option. If the -flatten option appears after all of the input images, all images are flattened.

-flip

create a "mirror image"

reflect the scanlines in the vertical direction.

-flop

create a "mirror image"

reflect the scanlines in the horizontal direction.

-font <name>

use this font when annotating the image with text

You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, TrueType, or OPTION1 font. For example, Arial.ttf is a TrueType font, ps:helvetica is PostScript, and x:fixed is OPTION1.

-foreground <color>

define the foreground color

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

-format <type>

the image format type

When used with the mogrify utility, this option will convert any image to the image format you specify. See ImageMagick(1) for a list of image format types supported by ImageMagick, or see the output of '-list format'.

By default the file is written to its original name. However, if the filename extension matches a supported format, the extension is replaced with the image format type specified with -format. For example, if you specify tiff as the format type and the input image filename is image.gif, the output image filename becomes image.tiff.

-format <string>

output formatted image characteristics

When used with the identify utility, use this option to print information about the image in a format of your choosing. You can include the image filename, type, width, height, Exif data, or other image attributes by embedding special format characters:

     %b   file size
     %c   comment
     %d   directory
     %e   filename extension
     %f   filename
     %h   height
     %i   input filename
     %k   number of unique colors
     %l   label
     %m   magick
     %n   number of scenes
     %o   output filename
     %p   page number
     %q   quantum depth
     %s   scene number
     %t   top of filename
     %u   unique temporary filename
     %w   width
     %x   x resolution
     %y   y resolution
     %@   bounding box
     %#   signature
     \n   newline
     \r   carriage return

For example,

     -format "%m:%f %wx%h"

displays MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

If the first character of string is @, the format is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

You can also use the following special formatting syntax to print Exif information contained in the file:

     %[EXIF:<tag>]

Where "<tag>" can be one of the following:

     *  (print all Exif tags, in keyword=data format)
     !  (print all Exif tags, in tag_number data format)
     #hhhh (print data for Exif tag #hhhh)
     ImageWidth
     ImageLength
     BitsPerSample
     Compression
     PhotometricInterpretation
     FillOrder
     DocumentName
     ImageDescription
     Make
     Model
     StripOffsets
     Orientation
     SamplesPerPixel
     RowsPerStrip
     StripByteCounts
     XResolution
     YResolution
     PlanarConfiguration
     ResolutionUnit
     TransferFunction
     Software
     DateTime
     Artist
     WhitePoint
     PrimaryChromaticities
     TransferRange
     JPEGProc
     JPEGInterchangeFormat
     JPEGInterchangeFormatLength
     YCbCrCoefficients
     YCbCrSubSampling
     YCbCrPositioning
     ReferenceBlackWhite
     CFARepeatPatternDim
     CFAPattern
     BatteryLevel
     Copyright
     ExposureTime
     FNumber
     IPTC/NAA
     ExifOffset
     InterColorProfile
     ExposureProgram
     SpectralSensitivity
     GPSInfo
     ISOSpeedRatings
     OECF
     ExifVersion
     DateTimeOriginal
     DateTimeDigitized
     ComponentsConfiguration
     CompressedBitsPerPixel
     ShutterSpeedValue
     ApertureValue
     BrightnessValue
     ExposureBiasValue
     MaxApertureValue
     SubjectDistance
     MeteringMode
     LightSource
     Flash
     FocalLength
     MakerNote
     UserComment
     SubSecTime
     SubSecTimeOriginal
     SubSecTimeDigitized
     FlashPixVersion
     ColorSpace
     ExifImageWidth
     ExifImageLength
     InteroperabilityOffset
     FlashEnergy
     SpatialFrequencyResponse
     FocalPlaneXResolution
     FocalPlaneYResolution
     FocalPlaneResolutionUnit
     SubjectLocation
     ExposureIndex
     SensingMethod
     FileSource
     SceneType

Surround the format specification with quotation marks to prevent your shell from misinterpreting any spaces and square brackets.

-frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>

surround the image with an ornamental border

See -geometry for details about the geometry specification. The -frame option is not affected by the -gravity option.

The color of the border is specified with the -mattecolor command line option.

-frame

include the X window frame in the imported image

-fuzz <distance>{%}

colors within this distance are considered equal

A number of algorithms search for a target color. By default the color must be exact. Use this option to match colors that are close to the target color in RGB space. For example, if you want to automatically trim the edges of an image with -trim but the image was scanned and the target background color may differ by a small amount. This option can account for these differences.

The distance can be in absolute intensity units or, by appending "%", as a percentage of the maximum possible intensity (255, 65535, or 4294967295).

-fx <expression>

apply a mathematical expression an image or image channels

For example, to extract the matte channel of the image (this is the negative to what is commonly thought of as the alpha channel mask of the image), use:

      convert drawn.png -fx 'a' +matte matte.png

Mathematic operators include

  constants:           MaxRGB, Opaque, Transparent, Pi
  standard operators: +, -, *, etc.
  math function name:
      abs(), acos(), asin(), atan(), cos(), exp(), log(), ln(),
      max(), min(), rand(), sin(), sqrt(),  tan()
  color names:        red, cyan, black, etc
  symbols:
      u  = first image in sequence
      v  = second image in sequence
      i  = column offset
      j  = row offset
      p  = pixel to use (absolute or relative to current pixel)
      w  = width of this image
      h  = height of this image
      r  = red value (from RGBA), of a specific or current pixel
      g  = green   ''
      b  = blue    ''
      a  = alpha   ''
      c  = cyan value of CMYK color of pixel
      y  = yellow    ''
      m  = magenta   ''
      k  = black     ''
      intensity = pixel intensity

Specify the image source using an image index represented by `u', starting at zero for the first image, (eg: `u[3]' is the fourth image in the image sequence). A negative image index counts images from the end of the current image sequence, therefore `u[-1]' refers to the last image in the sequence.

Without an index `u' or `v' represent the first and second image of the sequence. If no image is specified, the `u' image is used.

For example to reduce the intensity of the red channel by 50%, use

      convert image.png -channel red -fx 'u/2.0' image.jpg

The pixels are processed one at a time, but a different pixel of a image can be specified with a pixel index represented by `p'. For example,

      p[-1].g      Green value of pixel to the immediate left
                   of current
      p[-1,-1].r   Red value, diagonally left and up from
                   current pixel

To specify an absolute position, use braces, rather than brackets

      p{12,34}.b   is the blue pixel at image location 12,34

The other symbols specify the value you wish to retrieve.

A pixel outside the boundary of the image has a value dictated by the -virtual-pixel option setting.

The -channel setting can be used to specify the output channel of the result. If no output channel is given the result is set over all channels, except the opacity channel. For example, suppose you want to replace the red channel of alpha.png with the average of the green channels from the images alpha.png and beta.png, use:

  convert alpha.png beta.png -channel red \\
    -fx '(u.g+v.g)/2' gamma.png

Note that all the original images in the current image sequence are replaced by the updated `alpha.png' image.

-gamma <value>

level of gamma correction

The same color image displayed on two different workstations may look different due to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust for this color difference. Reasonable values extend from 0.8 to 2.3. Gamma less than 1.0 darkens the image and gamma greater than 1.0 lightens it. Large adjustments to image gamma may result in the loss of some image information if the pixel quantum size is only eight bits (quantum range 0 to 255).

You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with a gamma value list delimited with slashes (e.g., 1.7/2.3/1.2).

Use +gamma value to set the image gamma level without actually adjusting the image pixels. This option is useful if the image is of a known gamma but not set as an image attribute (e.g. PNG images).

-Gaussian <radius>{x<sigma>}

blur the image with a Gaussian operator

Use the given radius and standard deviation (sigma).

-geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-} <y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}

preferred size and location of the Image window.

By default, the window size is the image size and the location is chosen by you when it is mapped.

By default, the width and height are maximum values. That is, the image is expanded or contracted to fit the width and height value while maintaining the aspect ratio of the image. Append an exclamation point to the geometry to force the image size to exactly the size you specify. For example, if you specify 640x480! the image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480.

If only the width is specified, the width assumes the value and the height is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio of the image. Similarly, if only the height is specified (e.g., -geometry x256), the width is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio.

To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %. The image size is multiplied by the width and height percentages to obtain the final image dimensions. To increase the size of an image, use a value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%). To decrease an image's size, use a percentage less than 100.

Use @ to specify the maximum area in pixels of an image.

Use > to change the dimensions of the image only if its width or height exceeds the geometry specification. < resizes the image only if both of its dimensions are less than the geometry specification. For example, if you specify '640x480>' and the image size is 256x256, the image size does not change. However, if the image is 512x512 or 1024x1024, it is resized to 480x480. Enclose the geometry specification in quotation marks to prevent the < or > from being interpreted by your shell as a file redirection.

When used with animate and display, offsets are handled in the same manner as in X(1) and the -gravity option is not used. If the x is negative, the offset is measured leftward from the right edge of the screen to the right edge of the image being displayed. Similarly, negative y is measured between the bottom edges. The offsets are not affected by "%"; they are always measured in pixels.

When used as a composite option, -geometry gives the dimensions of the image and its location with respect to the composite image. If the -gravity option is present with NorthEast, East, or SouthEast gravity, the x represents the distance from the right edge of the image to the right edge of the composite image. Similarly, if the -gravity option is present with SouthWest, South, or SouthEast gravity, y is measured between the bottom edges. Accordingly, a positive offset will never point in the direction outside of the image. The offsets are not affected by "%"; they are always measured in pixels. To specify the dimensions of the composite image, use the -resize option.

When used as a convert, import or mogrify option, -geometry is synonymous with -resize and specifies the size of the output image. The offsets, if present, are ignored.

When used as a montage option, -geometry specifies the image size and border size for each tile; default is 256x256+0+0. Negative offsets (border dimensions) are meaningless. The -gravity option affects the placement of the image within the tile; the default gravity for this purpose is Center. If the "%" sign appears in the geometry specification, the tile size is the specified percentage of the original dimensions of the first tile. To specify the dimensions of the montage, use the -resize option.

-gravity <type>

direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image.

Choices are: NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East, SouthWest, South, SouthEast.

The direction you choose specifies where to position the text when annotating the image. For example Center gravity forces the text to be centered within the image. By default, the image gravity is NorthWest. See -draw for more details about graphic primitives. Only the text primitive is affected by the -gravity option.

The -gravity option is also used in concert with the -geometry option and other options that take <geometry> as a parameter, such as the -crop option. See -geometry for details of how the -gravity option interacts with the <x> and <y> parameters of a geometry specification.

When used as an option to composite, -gravity gives the direction that the image gravitates within the composite.

When used as an option to montage, -gravity gives the direction that an image gravitates within a tile. The default gravity is Center for this purpose.

-green-primary <x>,<y>

green chromaticity primary point

-help

print usage instructions

-iconGeometry <geometry>

specify the icon geometry

Offsets, if present in the geometry specification, are handled in the same manner as the -geometry option, using X11 style to handle negative offsets.

-iconic

iconic animation

-immutable

make image immutable

-implode <factor>

implode image pixels about the center

-insert <index>

insert last image into the image sequence

-intent <type>

use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color

Use this option to affect the the color management operation of an image (see -profile). Choose from these intents: Absolute, Perceptual, Relative, Saturation

The default intent is undefined.

-interlace <type>

the type of interlacing scheme

Choices are: None, Line, Plane, or Partition. The default is None.

This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw image formats such as RGB or YUV.

None means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...),

Line uses scanline interlacing (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and

Plane uses plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).

Partition is like plane except the different planes are saved to individual files (e.g. image.R, image.G, and image.B).

Use Line or Plane to create an interlaced PNG or GIF or progressive JPEG image.

-label <name>

assign a label to an image

Use this option to assign a specific label to the image, when writing to an image format that supports labels, such as TIFF, PNG, MIFF, or PostScript. You can include the the image filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute by embedding special format character. A label is not drawn on the image, but is embedded in the image datastream via a "Label" tag or similar mechanism. If you want the label to be visible on the image itself, use the -draw option. See -comment for details.

For example,

     -label "%m:%f %wx%h"

produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

If the first character of string is @, the image label is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

When converting to PostScript, use this option to specify a header string to print above the image. Specify the label font with -font.

When creating a montage, by default the label associated with an image is displayed with the corresponding tile in the montage. Use the +label option to suppress this behavior.

-lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{ %}

perform local adaptive thresholding

Perform local adaptive thresholding using the specified width, height, and offset. The offset is a distance in sample space from the mean, as an absolute integer ranging from 0 to the maximum sample value or as a percentage.

-level <black_point>{,<white_point>}{ %}{,<gamma>}

adjust the level of image contrast

Give one, two or three values delimited with commas: black-point, white-point, gamma (e.g. 10,250,1.0 or 2%,98%,0.5). The black and white points range from 0 to MaxRGB or from 0 to 100%; if the white point is omitted it is set to MaxRGB-black_point. If a "%" sign is present anywhere in the string, the black and white points are percentages of MaxRGB. Gamma is an exponent that ranges from 0.1 to 10.; if it is omitted, the default of 1.0 (no gamma correction) is assumed. This interface works similar to Photoshop's "Image->Adjustments->Levels..." "Input Levels" interface.

-limit <type> <value>

Area, Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit

The value for File is in number of files. The Disk limit is in Gigabytes and and the values for the other resources are in Megabytes. By default the limits are 768 files, 1024MB memory, 4096MB map, and unlimited disk, but these are adjusted at startup time on platforms that can provide information about available resources. When the limit is reached, ImageMagick will fail in some fashion, or take compensating actions if possible. For example, -limit memory 32 -limit map 64 limits memory When the pixel cache reaches the memory limit it uses memory mapping. When that limit is reached it goes to disk. If disk has a hard limit, the program will fail.

Resource limits may also be set using environment variables. The environment variables MAGICK_AREA_LIMIT, MAGICK_DISK_LIMIT, MAGICK_FILES_LIMIT, MAGICK_MEMORY_LIMIT, and MAGICK_MAP_LIMIT, may be used to set the limits for disk space, open files, heap memory, and memory map size, respectively.

You can use the option -list resource to find out the limits.

-linewidth

the line width for subsequent draw operations

-list <type>

the type of list

Choices are: Coder, Color, Delegate, Format, Magic, Module, Resource, or Type.

This option lists information about the ImageMagick configuration.

-log <string>

Specify format for debug log

This option specifies the format for the log printed when the -debug option is active.

You can display the following components by embedding special format characters:

     %d   domain
     %e   event
     %f   function
     %l   line
     %m   module
     %p   process ID
     %r   real CPU time
     %t   wall clock time
     %u   user CPU time
     %%   percent sign
     \n   newline
     \r   carriage return

For example:

    convert -debug coders -log "%u %m:%l %e" in.gif out.png

The default behavior is to print all of the components.

-loop <iterations>

add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation

A value other than zero forces the animation to repeat itself up to iterations times.

-magnify <factor>

magnify the image

-map <filename>

choose a particular set of colors from this image

[convert or mogrify]

By default, color reduction chooses an optimal set of colors that best represent the original image. Alternatively, you can choose a particular set of colors from an image file with this option.

Use +map to reduce all images in the image sequence that follows to a single optimal set of colors that best represent all the images. The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance of any option. If the +map option appears after all of the input images, all images are mapped.

-map <type>

display image using this type.

[animate or display]

Choose from these Standard Colormap types:

     best
     default
     gray
     red
     green
     blue

The X server must support the Standard Colormap you choose, otherwise an error occurs. Use list as the type and display searches the list of colormap types in top-to-bottom order until one is located. See xstdcmap(1) for one way of creating Standard Colormaps.

-mask <filename>

Specify a clipping mask

The image read from the file is used as a clipping mask. It must have the same dimensions as the image being masked.

If the mask image contains an alpha channel, the opacity of each pixel is used to define the mask. Otherwise, the intensity (gray level) of each pixel is used.

Use +mask to remove the clipping mask.

It is not necessary to use -clip to activate the mask; -clip is implied by -mask.

-matte

store matte channel if the image has one

If the image does not have a matte channel, create an opaque one.

Use +matte to ignore the matte channel and to avoid writing a matte channel in the output file.

-mattecolor <color>

specify the color to be used with the -frame option

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

-median <radius>

apply a median filter to the image

-metric type

Choose from MAE, MSE, PSE, PSNR, or RMSE

-mode <value>

mode of operation

-modulate <value>

vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image

Specify the percent change in brightness, the color saturation, and the hue separated by commas. For example, to increase the color brightness by 20% and decrease the color saturation by 10% and leave the hue unchanged, use: -modulate 120,90.

-monochrome

transform the image to black and white

-morph <frames>

morphs an image sequence

Both the image pixels and size are linearly interpolated to give the appearance of a meta-morphosis from one image to the next.

The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance of any option. If the -morph option appears after all of the input images, all images are morphed.

-mosaic

create a mosaic from an image or an image sequence

The -page option can be used to establish the dimensions of the mosaic and to locate the images within the mosaic.

The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance of any option. If the -mosaic option appears after all of the input images, all images are included in the mosaic.

-name

name an image

-negate

replace every pixel with its complementary color

The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated. White becomes black, yellow becomes blue, etc. Use +negate to only negate the grayscale pixels of the image.

-noise <radius|type>

add or reduce noise in an image

The principal function of noise peak elimination filter is to smooth the objects within an image without losing edge information and without creating undesired structures. The central idea of the algorithm is to replace a pixel with its next neighbor in value within a pixel window, if this pixel has been found to be noise. A pixel is defined as noise if and only if this pixel is a maximum or minimum within the pixel window.

Use radius to specify the width of the neighborhood.

Use +noise followed by a noise type to add noise to an image. Choose from these noise types:

     Uniform
     Gaussian
     Multiplicative
     Impulse
     Laplacian
     Poisson

-normalize

transform image to span the full range of color values

This is a contrast enhancement technique.

-opaque <color>

change this color to the fill color within the image

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

See -fill for more details.

-page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-} <y>{%}{!}{<}{>}

size and location of an image canvas

Use this option to specify the dimensions of the PostScript page in dots per inch or a TEXT page in pixels. The choices for a PostScript page are:

     11x17         792  1224
     Ledger       1224   792
     Legal         612  1008
     Letter        612   792
     LetterSmall   612   792
     ArchE        2592  3456
     ArchD        1728  2592
     ArchC        1296  1728
     ArchB         864  1296
     ArchA         648   864
     A0           2380  3368
     A1           1684  2380
     A2           1190  1684
     A3            842  1190
     A4            595   842
     A4Small       595   842
     A5            421   595
     A6            297   421
     A7            210   297
     A8            148   210
     A9            105   148
     A10            74   105
     B0           2836  4008
     B1           2004  2836
     B2           1418  2004
     B3           1002  1418
     B4            709  1002
     B5            501   709
     C0           2600  3677
     C1           1837  2600
     C2           1298  1837
     C3            918  1298
     C4            649   918
     C5            459   649
     C6            323   459
     Flsa          612   936
     Flse          612   936
     HalfLetter    396   612

For convenience you can specify the page size by media (e.g. A4, Ledger, etc.). Otherwise, -page behaves much like -geometry (e.g. -page letter+43+43>).

This option is also used to place subimages when writing to a multi-image format that supports offsets, such as GIF89 and MNG. When used for this purpose the offsets are always measured from the top left corner of the canvas and are not affected by the -gravity option. To position a GIF or MNG image, use -page{+-}<x>{+-}<y> (e.g. -page +100+200). When writing to a MNG file, a -page option appearing ahead of the first image in the sequence with nonzero width and height defines the width and height values that are written in the MHDR chunk. Otherwise, the MNG width and height are computed from the bounding box that contains all images in the sequence. When writing a GIF89 file, only the bounding box method is used to determine its dimensions.

For a PostScript page, the image is sized as in -geometry and positioned relative to the lower left hand corner of the page by {+-}<xoffset>{+-}<y offset>. Use -page 612x792>, for example, to center the image within the page. If the image size exceeds the PostScript page, it is reduced to fit the page. The default gravity for the -page option is NorthWest, i.e., positive x and y offset are measured rightward and downward from the top left corner of the page, unless the -gravity option is present with a value other than NorthWest.

The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.

This option is used in concert with -density.

Use +page to remove the page settings for an image.

-paint <radius>

simulate an oil painting

Each pixel is replaced by the most frequent color in a circular neighborhood whose width is specified with radius.

-pause <seconds>

pause between animation loops [animate]

Pause for the specified number of seconds before repeating the animation.

-pause <seconds>

pause between snapshots [import]

Pause for the specified number of seconds before taking the next snapshot.

-pen <color>

(This option has been replaced by the -fill option)

-ping

efficiently determine image characteristics

-pointsize <value>

pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font

-posterize <levels>

reduce the image to a limited number of color levels

-preview <type>

image preview type

Use this option to affect the preview operation of an image (e.g. convert file.png -preview Gamma Preview:gamma.png). Choose from these previews:

     Rotate
     Shear
     Roll
     Hue
     Saturation
     Brightness
     Gamma
     Spiff
     Dull
     Grayscale
     Quantize
     Despeckle
     ReduceNoise
     Add Noise
     Sharpen
     Blur
     Threshold
     EdgeDetect
     Spread
     Shade
     Raise
     Segment
     Solarize
     Swirl
     Implode
     Wave
     OilPaint
     CharcoalDrawing
     JPEG

The default preview is JPEG.

-process <command>

process a sequence of images using a process module

The command argument has the form module=arg1,arg2,arg3,...,argN where module is the name of the module to invoke (e.g. "analyze") and arg1,arg2,arg3,...,argN are an arbitrary number of arguments to pass to the process module.

The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance of any option.

If the -process option appears after all of the input images, all images are processed.

-profile <filename>

add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile to image

-profile filename adds an ICM (ICC color management), IPTC (newswire information), or a generic profile to the image

.

Use +profile icm, +profile iptc, or +profile profile_name to remove the respective profile. Use identify -verbose to find out what profiles are in the image file. Use +profile "*" to remove all profiles.

To extract a profile, the -profile option is not used. Instead, simply write the file to an image format such as APP1, 8BIM, ICM, or IPTC.

For example, to extract the Exif data (which is stored in JPEG files in the APP1 profile), use

    convert cockatoo.jpg exifdata.app1

-quality <value>

JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level

For the JPEG and MPEG image formats, quality is 0 (lowest image quality and highest compression) to 100 (best quality but least effective compression). The default quality is 75. Use the -sampling-factor option to specify the factors for chroma downsampling. To use the same quality value as that found by the JPEG decoder, use the -define jpeg:preserve-settings flag.

For the MIFF image format, quality/10 is the zlib compression level, which is 0 (worst but fastest compression) to 9 (best but slowest). It has no effect on the image appearance, since the compression is always lossless.

For the JPEG-2000 image format, quality is mapped using a non-linear equation to the compression ratio required by the Jasper library. This non-linear equation is intended to loosely approximate the quality provided by the JPEG v1 format. The default quality value 75 results in a request for 16:1 compression. The quality value 100 results in a request for non-lossy compression.

For the MNG and PNG image formats, the quality value sets the zlib compression level (quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10). Compression levels range from 0 (fastest compression) to 100 (best but slowest). For compression level 0, the Huffman-only strategy is used, which is fastest but not necessarily the worst compression.

If filter-type is 4 or less, the specified filter-type is used for all scanlines:

     0: none
     1: sub
     2: up
     3: average
     4: Paeth

If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality is greater than 50 and the image does not have a color map, otherwise no filtering is used.

If filter-type is 6, adaptive filtering with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values is used.

Only if the output is MNG, if filter-type is 7, the LOCO color transformation and adaptive filtering with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values are used.

The default is quality is 75, which means nearly the best compression with adaptive filtering. The quality setting has no effect on the appearance of PNG and MNG images, since the compression is always lossless.

For further information, see the PNG specification.

When writing a JNG image with transparency, two quality values are required, one for the main image and one for the grayscale image that conveys the alpha channel. These are written as a single integer equal to the main image quality plus 1000 times the opacity quality. For example, if you want to use quality 75 for the main image and quality 90 to compress the opacity data, use -quality 90075.

-radial-blur angle

radial blur the image

-raise <width>x<height>

lighten or darken image edges

This will create a 3-D effect. See -geometry for details details about the geometry specification. Offsets are not used.

Use -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use +raise.

-red-primary <x>,<y>

red chromaticity primary point

-region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-} <y>

apply options to a portion of the image

The x and y offsets are treated in the same manner as in -crop

.

-remote

perform a remote operation

The only command recognized at this time is the name of an image file to load.

-render

render vector operations

Use +render to turn off rendering vector operations. This is useful when saving the result to vector formats such as MVG or SVG.

-trim

size and location of an image canvas

This option is like -page but acts as an image operator rather than a setting.

-resample <horizontal>x<vertical>

Resample image to specified horizontal and vertical resolution

Resize the image so that its rendered size remains the same as the original at the specified target resolution. For example, if a 300 DPI image renders at 3 inches by 2 inches on a 300 DPI device, when the image has been resampled to 72 DPI, it will render at 3 inches by 2 inches on a 72 DPI device. Note that only a small number of image formats (e.g. JPEG, PNG, and TIFF) are capable of storing the image resolution. For formats which do not support an image resolution, the original resolution of the image must be specified via -density on the command line prior to specifying the resample resolution.

Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image resolution from a proprietary embedded profile. If this profile exists in the image, then Photoshop will continue to treat the image using its former resolution, ignoring the image resolution specified in the standard file header.

-resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{ <}{>}

resize an image

This is an alias for the -geometry option and it behaves in the same manner. If the -filter option precedes the -resize option, the specified filter is used.

There are some exceptions:

When used as a composite option, -resize conveys the preferred size of the output image, while -geometry conveys the size and placement of the composite image within the main image.

When used as a montage option, -resize conveys the preferred size of the montage, while -geometry conveys information about the tiles.

-roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>

roll an image vertically or horizontally

See -geometry for details the geometry specification. The x and y offsets are not affected by the -gravity option.

A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right. A negative y offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.

-rotate <degrees>{<}{>}

apply Paeth image rotation to the image

Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the height. < rotates the image only if its width is less than the height. For example, if you specify -rotate "-90>" and the image size is 480x640, the image is not rotated. However, if the image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees. If you use > or <, enclose it in quotation marks to prevent it from being misinterpreted as a file redirection.

Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled with the color defined as background (class backgroundColor). The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

-sample <geometry>

scale image using pixel sampling

See -geometry for details about the geometry specification. -sample ignores the -filter selection if the -filter option is present. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and the -gravity option has no effect.

-sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>

sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder.

This option specifies the sampling factors to be used by the JPEG encoder for chroma downsampling. If this option is omitted, the JPEG library will use its own default values. When reading or writing the YUV format and when writing the M2V (MPEG-2) format, use -sampling-factor 2x1 to specify the 4:2:2 downsampling method.

To use the same sampling factors as those found by the JPEG decoder, use the -define jpeg:preserve-settings flag.

-scale <geometry>

scale the image.

See -geometry for details about the geometry specification. -scale uses a simpler, faster algorithm, and it ignores the -filter selection if the -filter option is present. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and the -gravity option has no effect.

-scene <value>

set scene number

This option sets the scene number of an image or the first image in an image sequence.

-scenes <value-value>

range of image scene numbers to read

Each image in the range is read with the filename followed by a period (.) and the decimal scene number. You can change this behavior by embedding a %d, %0Nd, %o, %0No, %x, or %0Nx printf format specification in the file name. For example,

    montage -scenes 5-7 image.miff

makes a montage of files image.miff.5, image.miff.6, and image.miff.7, and

    animate -scenes 0-12 image%02d.miff

animates files image00.miff, image01.miff, through image12.miff.

-screen

specify the screen to capture

This option indicates that the GetImage request used to obtain the image should be done on the root window, rather than directly on the specified window. In this way, you can obtain pieces of other windows that overlap the specified window, and more importantly, you can capture menus or other popups that are independent windows but appear over the specified window.

-segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>

segment an image

Segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique.

Specify cluster threshold as the number of pixels in each cluster must exceed the the cluster threshold to be considered valid. Smoothing threshold eliminates noise in the second derivative of the histogram. As the value is increased, you can expect a smoother second derivative. The default is 1.5. See "Image Segmentation" for details.

-shade <azimuth>x<elevation>

shade the image using a distant light source

Specify azimuth and elevation as the position of the light source. Use +shade to return the shading results as a grayscale image.

-shadow <radius>{x<sigma>}

shadow the montage

-shared-memory

use shared memory

This option specifies whether the utility should attempt to use shared memory for pixmaps. ImageMagick must be compiled with shared memory support, and the display must support the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this option is ignored. The default is True.

-sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}

sharpen the image

Use a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma).

-shave <width>x<height>{%}

shave pixels from the image edges

Specify the width of the region to be removed from both sides of the image and the height of the regions to be removed from top and bottom.

-shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>

shear the image along the X or Y axis

Use the specified positive or negative shear angle.

Shearing slides one edge of an image along the X or Y axis, creating a parallelogram. An X direction shear slides an edge along the X axis, while a Y direction shear slides an edge along the Y axis. The amount of the shear is controlled by a shear angle. For X direction shears, x degrees is measured relative to the Y axis, and similarly, for Y direction shears y degrees is measured relative to the X axis.

Empty triangles left over from shearing the image are filled with the color defined as background (class backgroundColor). The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

-silent

operate silently

-size <width>x<height>{+offset}

width and height of the image

Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK. In addition to width and height, use -size with an offset to skip any header information in the image or tell the number of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).

For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:

     192x128
     384x256
     768x512
     1536x1024
     3072x2048

Finally, use this option to choose a particular resolution layer of a JBIG or JPEG image (e.g. -size 1024x768).

-snaps <value>

number of screen snapshots

Use this option to grab more than one image from the X server screen, to create an animation sequence.

-solarize <factor>

negate all pixels above the threshold level

Specify factor as the percent threshold of the intensity (0 - 99.9%).

This option produces a solarization effect seen when exposing a photographic film to light during the development process.

-splice <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-} <y>{%}>

splice the background color into the image

See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.

-spread <amount>

displace image pixels by a random amount

Amount defines the size of the neighborhood around each pixel to choose a candidate pixel to swap.

-stegano <offset>

hide watermark within an image

Use an offset to start the image hiding some number of pixels from the beginning of the image. Note this offset and the image size. You will need this information to recover the steganographic image (e.g. display -size 320x256+35 stegano:image.png).

-stereo

composite two images to create a stereo anaglyph

The left side of the stereo pair is saved as the red channel of the output image. The right side is saved as the green channel. Red-green stereo glasses are required to properly view the stereo image.

-strip

strip the image of any profiles or comments

-stroke <color>

color to use when stroking a graphic primitive

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

See -draw for further details.

-strokewidth <value>

set the stroke width

See -draw for further details.

-swap <index,index>

swap two images in the image sequence

Image index are as per -fx operator. +swap will swap the last two images.

-swirl <degrees>

swirl image pixels about the center

Degrees defines the tightness of the swirl.

-text-font <name>

font for writing fixed-width text

Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (typewriter style) formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.

You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, TrueType, or OPTION1 font. For example, Courier.ttf is a TrueType font and x:fixed is OPTION1.

-texture <filename>

name of texture to tile onto the image background

-threshold <value>{<green>,<blue>,<opacity>}{ %}

threshold the image

Create an image such that any pixel sample that is equal to, or exceeds the threshold, is reassigned the maximum intensity otherwise the minimum intensity.

If the green or blue value is omitted, these channels use the same value as the first one provided. If all three color values are the same, the result is a bi-level image. If the opacity threshold is omitted, OpaqueOpacity will be used and any partially transparent pixel will become fully transparent. If only a single 0 is provided, auto-thresholding will be performed.

To generate an all-black or all-white image with the same dimensions as the input image, you can use

    convert -threshold 65535 in.png black.png
    convert -threshold 0,0 in.png white.png

-thumbnail <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{ <}{>}

create a thumbnail of the image

This is exactly like -resize, except that any image profiles present are also removed as they are of little importance to small image thumbnails.

-tile <filename>

tile image when filling a graphic primitive

-tile <geometry>

layout of images [montage]

-tint <value>

tint the image with the fill color

Specify the amount of tinting as a percentage. Pure colors like black, white red, yellow, will not be affected by -tint. Only mid-range colors such as the various shades of grey.

-title <string>

assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage]

Use this option to assign a specific title to the image. This is assigned to the image window and is typically displayed in the window title bar. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, Exif data, or other image attribute by embedding special format characters described under the -format option.

For example,

     -title "%m:%f %wx%h"

produces an image title of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

-transform

transform the image

This option applies the transformation matrix from a previous -affine option.

    convert -affine 2,2,-2,2,0,0 -transform bird.ppm bird.jpg

-transparent <color>

make this color transparent within the image

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option. The color to use for image transparency in colormap image formats, such as GIF. As a side effect, fully-opaque colors of this value may also become transparent, depending on the format.

-treedepth <value>

tree depth for the color reduction algorithm

Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A value of zero or one causes the use of an optimal tree depth for the color reduction algorithm

An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the source image with the fastest computational speed and the least amount of memory. However, the default depth is inappropriate for some images. To assure the best representation, try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter. Refer to quantize for more details.

The -colors or -monochrome option, or writing to an image format which requires color reduction, is required for this option to take effect.

-trim

trim an image

This option removes any edges that are exactly the same color as the corner pixels. Use -fuzz to make -trim remove edges that are nearly the same color as the corner pixels.

-type <type>

the image type

Choose from: Bilevel, Grayscale, Palette, PaletteMatte, TrueColor, TrueColorMatte, ColorSeparation, ColorSeparationMatte, or Optimize.

Normally, when a format supports different subformats such as grayscale and truecolor, the encoder will try to choose an efficient subformat. The -type option can be used to overrride this behavior. For example, to prevent a JPEG from being written in grayscale format even though only gray pixels are present, use

    convert bird.p-type TrueColor bird.jpg

Similarly, using -type TrueColorMatte will force the encoder to write an alpha channel even though the image is opaque, if the output format supports transparency.

-update <seconds>

detect when image file is modified and redisplay.

Suppose that while you are displaying an image the file that is currently displayed is over-written. display will automatically detect that the input file has been changed and update the displayed image accordingly.

-units <type>

the units of image resolution

Choose from: Undefined, PixelsPerInch, or PixelsPerCentimeter. This option is normally used in conjunction with the -density option.

-unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{ +<threshold>}

sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator

The -unsharp option sharpens an image. The image is convolved with a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma). For reasonable results, radius should be larger than sigma. Use a radius of 0 to have the method select a suitable radius.

The parameters are:

    radius:    The radius of the Gaussian, in pixels,  not
               counting the center pixel (default 0).
    sigma:     The standard deviation of the Gaussian, in
               pixels (default 1.0).
    amount:    The percentage of the difference between the
               original and the blur image that is added back
               into the original (default 1.0).
    threshold: The threshold, as a fraction of MaxRGB, needed
               to apply the difference amount (default 0.05).

-use-pixmap

use the pixmap

-verbose

print detailed information about the image

This information is printed: image scene number; image name; image size; the image class (DirectClass or PseudoClass); the total number of unique colors; and the number of seconds to read and transform the image. Refer to miff for a description of the image class.

If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors in the image and color reduction error values are printed. Refer to quantize for a description of these values.

-version

print ImageMagick version string

-view <string>

FlashPix viewing parameters

-virtual-pixel <method>

specify contents of "virtual pixels"

This option defines "virtual pixels" for use in operations that can access pixels outside the boundaries of an image.

Choose from these methods:

    Constant:  Use the image background color.
    Edge:      Extend the edge pixel toward infinity (default).
    Mirror:    Mirror the image.
    Tile:      Tile the image.

This option affects operations that use virtual pixels such as -blur, -sharpen, -wave, etc.

-visual <type>

animate images using this X visual type

Choose from these visual classes:

     StaticGray
     GrayScale
     StaticColor
     PseudoColor
     TrueColor
     DirectColor
     default
     visual id

The X server must support the visual you choose, otherwise an error occurs. If a visual is not specified, the visual class that can display the most simultaneous colors on the default screen is chosen.

-watermark <brightness>

percent brightness of a watermark

-wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>

alter an image along a sine wave

Specify amplitude and wavelength of the wave.

-white-point <x>,<y>

chromaticity white point

-window <id>

make image the background of a window

id can be a window id or name. Specify root to select X's root window as the target window.

By default the image is tiled onto the background of the target window. If backdrop or -geometry are specified, the image is surrounded by the background color. Refer to X RESOURCES for details.

The image will not display on the root window if the image has more unique colors than the target window colormap allows. Use -colors to reduce the number of colors.

-window-group

specify the window group

-write <filename>

write an image sequence [convert, composite]

The image sequence following the -write filenameoption is written out, and then processing continues with the same image in its current state if there are additional options. To restore the image to its original state after writing it, use the +write filename option.

-write <filename>

write the image to a file [display]

If filename already exists, you will be prompted as to whether it should be overwritten.

By default, the image is written in the format that it was read in as. To specify a particular image format, prefix filename with the image type and a colon (e.g., ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix (e.g., image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of valid image formats. Specify file as - for standard output. If file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file size is compressed using compress or gzip respectively. Precede the image file name with | to pipe to a system command.

Use -compress to specify the type of image compression.

The equivalent X resource for this option is writeFilename (class WriteFilename). See X Resources for details.