1. Huygens and Double Refraction

    a. Huygens's Treatise, chap. 5    

                Huygens's calculation of the crystallographic angles

                Student Data - Ordinary Ray Refraction

   

                A Remarkable Rule - A Method for Testing

    b. (Buchwald) What Huygens did

 

PHOTOS OF YOUR EXPERIMENTS

REPORTS: alpha beta gamma


2. Wollaston's Refractometer

   a. Wollaston

                Wollaston's Apparatus Explained

   

                What is Plumbago? A Dictionary of Obsolete Chemical Terms

   

                How a Vernier Scale works

   

    b. (Buchwald) What Wollaston did

PHOTOS OF YOUR EXPERIMENTS

REPORTS: alpha beta gamma


3. Simon and the law of electrostatic repulsion

    a. A brief history of electricity and magnetism  

    b. Simon's description of his apparatus and experiments 

    c. calculations for the Simon experiment

            calculations in pdf format  

            calculations as live MathCad file:

                            Mathcad 2000 format

                            Mathcad 7 format

PHOTOS OF YOUR EXPERIMENTS

REPORTS: alpha beta gamma


4. Malus on polarization by reflection

PHOTOS OF YOUR EXPERIMENTS

REPORTS: alpha beta gamma