![Navigation Tabs](../graphics/file4top.gif)
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![Issues and Tools](../graphics/issues-tools-header.gif) |
You can view the Issue or Tools topics by clicking on the green squares in the index below. They are categorized according to the phases in project implementation: Getting Started, Setting It Up, Carrying It Out, Capturing Experience. A more general category Miscellaneous is also included.
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![Issues](images/issues.gif)
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![Tools](images/tools.gif)
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Issues provide options, tradeoff and debates as reference for practitioners in deciding on actions.
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Tools provide a resource for understanding how to carry out and perform actions.
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![Getting Started](images/getting-started.gif)
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Issues
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Context:
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
What is the underlying perception of the housing situation: crisis? shortage?
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
How does the project fit into the broader development context?
In the context of city development initiatives, characteristics of a 'good project' are reviewed . A housing policy map shows the shifts in thinking and relation of other development programs. Notes on the more recent City Development Strategy, of the World Bank, are shown as an example of city-level planning in which upgrading is coordinated. A summary and example of the Comprehensive Development Framework of the World Bank suggests a structure at the country level. |
![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
How does the area fit into the urban structure?
Understanding the process of settlement and housing priorities within a rapidly growing city offers a reference for community upgrading strategy. |
![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
Is the area a good candidate for upgrading?
Two sets of criteria are included. One focuses more on criteria, and the other more on policies. |
![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
What are the boundaries to the project?
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
What are the underlying interests of the stakeholders?
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
At What Stage and Level Should Participation Occur?
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
Is the level of intervention appropriate: catalyst to get things started or more intense supporting/implementing efforts?
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Definition:
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
What type of project is appropriate: upgrade in place, clear and redevelop, clear and relocate?
Considerations in deciding include the impact of highrises and the poor when redeveloping or relocating, the notion of temporary upgrading in particularly problematic areas and demolition. |
![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
What will be the Scope and Objectives: Project or Program? Basic services, economic development, social, education and health improvement?
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
What about Preventive measures?
Large-scale physical frameworks can channel future growth. Two examples highlight experiences |
![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
How does it consider scaling-up?
A supply-side strategy improving the delivery of how we prepare and execute programs is proposed as the key issue in scaling-up in an excerpt looking at the policy level. |
![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
How to relate user demands and services?
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
How to deal with historical context?
Two excerpts are included: one deals with the basic guidelines when working in historical areas, and the other offers suggestions on how municipalities can capture profits after upgrading. |
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Tools
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
Selecting Type of Project
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
Selecting Target Areas
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![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Identifying Stakeholders
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![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Positioning Issues: The Problem Tree
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![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Interactive Community Planning
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA)
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
Tradeoffs: Bertaud Affordability Model
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
Setting Priorities
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![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Rapid Reconnaisance/Assessment
Included are several excerpts: one is a an example of mapping with the community, another proposes simple but effective Tips for surveying in the often confusing, high density squatter areas, and the last are some cautions for understanding survey data. |
![Photo](../graphics/xEgypt-pipeUpgrade.jpg)
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![Setting It Up](images/setting-up.gif)
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Issues
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General:
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
What are the basic issues and key tradeoffs in any project/program?
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Institutional:
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
What is the institutional structure for managing the project?
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
Are gender issues appropriately considered?
The first article is a general overview of gender-related issues to consider when planning a project, while the second points out general concerns when including women in the process with a focus on economic development considerations. |
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Tenure:
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
The case for security of tenure.
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
How will renters/landlords be considered?
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
What are the policies and procedures for realignment/readjustment and legalization of individual lots?
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Financing:
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
What are options for financing service provision?
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
How will costs be recovered?
Use fees, taxes, loan repayments, subsidies. |
![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
How will costs be collected?
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
How will family house improvement loans be structured: cash/materials, collateral, repayment?
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
What is the policy and procedure on defaults?
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Basic Services:
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
What standards will be used?
Setting Appropriate Standards explores the different agendas of the various actors involved in service provision. The Problems Involved in Standards examines the importance of distinguishing between what ought to be and what can be achieved when setting standards. |
![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
What are the alternatives in service options?
Three excerpts highlight a range of alternatives. General service delivery standards are proposed with three levels of service drawing on experience from throughout the world, followed by physical design standards used in the Calcutta Urban Development Project, India, and the very minimum more appropriate standards used in the early Lusaka, Zambia, project. A fourth article deals with concepts for restructuring the land centered around the critical circulation layout. |
![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
Water Supply and Sanitation
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
Waste Collection
Waste collection and removal are serious health issues. A table summarizes the main collection systems. Criteria and design of handcarts follows in a short summary. |
![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
Using Small-scale Service Providers
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Tools
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![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Logical Planning Framework
A 1-page summary of why a project is carried out, what the project is expected to achieve, how it will achieve the results, which factors are crucial and a sense of what it will cost. Several variations exist. Included is an example from a project by the GTZ. |
![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Interactive Community Planning
Included is an overview of four main types, a more detailed description of each of the main types, and a detailed, step-by-step example from South Africa of how to carry out an interactive workshop. |
![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Interactive Dwelling Design
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
Setting Standards
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![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Regularization of Land: Land Sharing
Included are several summaries of articles dealing with ways of carrying out land readjustment. One details an example on reblocking together with the community. A second deals with Land Sharing where the slum dwellers meet with the land owner and agree on a reorganization, and a third deals with Land Pooling. |
![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
Alternative Tenure Arrangements
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
Cost-benefit Analysis
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![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Staffing Projects
Two articles are included which provide a guide in setting up a project office. Organizing the field office offers suggestions when hiring staff; localization of staff addresses the issue of expatriate vs local staff, which is important when considering sustainability. |
![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
Affordability and Willingness to Pay/Willing to Access
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![Click Green Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
Consensus Building
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![Click Green Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
Basic Services Alternatives
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![Carrying It Out](images/carrying-out.gif)
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Issues
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Management:
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![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Does it support local initiatives in construction?
General guidelines are offered at the government level and for aid agencies which consider job creation and wealth generation. Considering the informal sector as hidden consumers suggests that they are best served by the formal private sector, with a materials and tools supermarket as interface. |
![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
How to assure continuity of staff and community representatives?
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
What is your role during contruction: direct supervision, delegated supervision, periodic review?
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
What is the role of NGOs during implementation?
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![Photo of kids in a window](../graphics/xkslwindow.jpg)
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![Capturing Experience](images/capturing-exp.gif)
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Issues
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Lessons:
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
How are lessons being captured? Who does it?
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
How are lessons being incorporated?
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Evaluations:
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
What are the indicators for evaluations?
Criteria that must be met for an upgrading project to be considered successful is suggested in General Project Indicators. |
![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
Whose interests are being served? Who pays?
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Monitoring:
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
How will the reporting system be setup?
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Impacts:
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
What are the policies on displacement and spillover?
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Tools
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![Green Rectangle](../graphics/green-rect.gif) |
Assessing Projects and Programs
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![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Indicators To See If You Got It Right
Typical indicators and alternatives in measuring impact are highlighted in Measuring Upgrading Impact. A structure for establishing indicators oriented around poverty reduction is provided in Determining Indicators. |
![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Training cum Assessing Workshop
Aleppo Case Example
This workshop is an example of a rapid, field-based, action-oriented training workshop. |
![Click green button](../graphics/green.gif) |
Setting Up a System for Monitoring and Evaluating Program Implementation
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![Miscellaneous](images/miscellaneous.gif)
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Issues
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
History: World Bank's 25 Years of Urban Development Lending
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![Click Square](../graphics/green-1.gif) |
How Can Information Technology Be Useful for Upgrading?
eCommunities offers thoughts on linking community interests and upgrading efforts. |
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